Fortifications in the North-Western Roman Empire from the Third to the Fifth Centuries A.D.

1971 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 178-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald von Petrikovits
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
North West ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
The Difference ◽  
North Western

Roman methods of fortification in the north-western portions of the Empire change significantly during the second half of the third century, the difference from the Principate being more apparent in military building than in civil. We may accept the universal view that these changes were due to increasing insecurity in Dacia, on the Rhine and Danube frontiers, and along the coast. From its beginnings in the first half of the century, the threat to the north-west by Germans and tribes from the steppes reached such a pitch in and after the 250's that it seriously endangered Roman rule in Europe. The Goths broke through the Danube frontier into Moesia several times from 238 onwards, and Roman morale was gravely affected when they killed Decius and his son in the disastrous battle of Abrittus (251). The northern barbarians fell upon towns in Greece and Asia Minor, and plundered them; only in the years following 268 did some emperors succeed in mastering the danger.

The Dialectical Position of the Niya Prakrit

1936 ◽  
Vol 8 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 419-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Burrow
Keyword(s):  
Third Century ◽  
North West ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
North Western

The “North-Western Prakrit” as Konow has called it is represented by the following documents.(1) The two versions of Aśoka's edicts preserved at Mansehra’ and Shahbazgarhi. At this stage many of the characteristic features of the language have not yet developed, e.g. śr > ṣ, śv > śp.(2) The later Kharoṣṭhi inscriptions, mostly short, collected by Konow in the second volume of the Corp. Inscr. Ind.(3) The Kharoṣṭhi manuscript of the Dhammapada discovered near Khotan (Manuscript Dutreuil du Rhins).(4) The Kharoṣṭhi documents from Niya, representing the administrative language of the Shan-Shan kingdom in the third century A.D. In the Journ. As., 1912, pp. 337 ff., J. Bloch examined the dialectical peculiarities of the Manuscript Dutreuil du Rhins and showed that they appeared in modern times in the languages of the North-West.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the antianginal effectiveness of trimetazidine in a new dosage form for a single dose, depending on the region of the Russian Federation. ODA trial results

Kardiologiia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (10S) ◽  
pp. 52-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Glezer ◽  
V. A. Vygodin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
North West ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
Antianginal Effect ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
North Western

The goal evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment with the new TMZ OD dosage form in different regions of the Russian Federation and regional differences in the clinical characteristics of patients with coronary artery disease included in the observation, the nature of their therapy, the presence and degree of correction of modifiable risk factors in real clinical practice. Material. Used database research ODA (Evaluation of the effectiveness and therapeutic response to Preductal OD 80 mg in everyday practical use for the treatment of stable angina), which was conducted in 56 cities of the Russian Federation. The analysis was carried out in the Central, North-West, Volga districts and regions united by the territorial principle – Southern + North Caucasian + Crimea + Sevastopol and Ural + Siberian + Far Eastern. Results. By region, there were no differences in the ratio of men and women included in the observation, the number of smoking patients (about 15%), overweight (about 80% of patients), arterial hypertension (exceeding 85%),dyslipidemia (over 90%), and atrial fibrillation (met at each 8-10 included patient). The proportion of patients older than 65 years was greater in the Central, North-West and Ural regions. Unfavorable heredity in coronary artery disease is more common in the Southern, Central and Ural regions. More than 2/3 of the patients had low physical activity, and in the South — their number reached ¾ of all included in the observation. The largest number of patients with diabetes was in the Central and North-West regions (every fourth patient), in the Ural region every fifth. The lowest frequency of statin prescribing was in the Volga region. The smallest number of those receiving RAS inhibitors was in the North-West, Ural and South regions. Beta blockers took more than 80% of patients. Only 35% of patients had a target systolic blood pressure. The smallest proportion of people with target blood pressure values was in the NorthWest and South regions. Adding TMZ OD to therapy or replacing previous therapy with trimetazidine on TMZ OD in all regions resulted in a significant (p <0.001) decrease in the incidence of angina attacks by as early as 1 month of therapy and the antianginal effect increased by the third month of treatment. By the third month of treatment, the average frequency of angina attacks was the lowest in the North-Western and Ural regions (significantly lower than even in the Central region) and remained higher only in the Volga region compared to the Central, North-Western and Ural regions. During follow-up, treatment compliance increased significantly in all regions. Conclusion. The fight against major risk factors remains insufficient and efforts should be made to change the situation in all regions of the Russian Federation. The inclusion of trimetazidine in therapy in the new TMZ OD dosage form allows to obtain a pronounced antianginal effect and increase adherence to therapy. Low adherence can be overcome by careful observation and closer contact between doctors and patients.

scholarly journals Administrativno–pravno uređenje rudarskog distrikta sjeverozapadne Bosne u III stoljeću / The administrative and legal regulation of the mining district of northwestern Bosnia in the 3rd century

2020 ◽  
pp. 175-221
Author(s):  
Dženefa Merdanić Šahinović
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Mining District ◽  
North West ◽  
The Third ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Mother Earth

Research of the Ancient mining, throughout the Roman Empire, indicates that the evolutionary development of local, metallurgical, and mining plants is directly related to changes of the imperial administration. During the second century, the mines belonged to the state that leased them to a private mine lessee, conductor. As the same conductor appears in the northwestern areas of Bosnia and Mursa, Noricum, as a leaseholder of Pannonian iron mines, we can assume that this mining area was the administrative property of the province of Pannonia. There are fifteen epigraphic monuments from the third century, which provide a basis for understanding the administrative-legal arrangement of the mining district of north-west Bosnia. Almost all monuments have been erected in honor of Oriental deities, with the exception of two monuments referred to Sedatus, a Pannonian deity. The most represented deity is Terra Mater, whose dedications  make half of the total number of these epigraphic sources. Terra Mater, or Mother Earth, basically is not a mining deity, but in this context, its interpretation as such is not a mistake. The aforementioned monuments have been erected by an administrative-legal apparatus operating in this district, in the form of a fiduciary (procurator Augusti), a bailiff (vilicus), or an association of collegium and corpus. Although the administrative apparatus was much more layered and had a functional hierarchical system, these are the only titles and functions that occur in the Northwestern Mining District, within their variations. The strength of administrative power, in the said territory, was best manifested in the third century, but there is numismatic evidence for the mining process in the first century.

Nicopolis ad Istrum: Backward and Balkan?

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. WHITTOW
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of

The story of Nicopolis ad Istrum and its citizens exemplifies much that is common to the urban history of the whole Roman Empire. This chapter reviews the history of Nicopolis and its transition into the small fortified site of the fifth to seventh centuries and compares it with the evidence from the Near East and Asia Minor. It argues that Nicopolis may not have experienced a cataclysm as has been suggested, and that, as in the fifth and sixth century west, where landowning elites showed a striking ability to adapt and survive, there was an important element of continuity on the lower Danube, which in turn may account for the distinctive ‘Roman’ element in the early medieval Bulgar state. It also suggests that the term ‘transition to Late Antiquity’ should be applied to what happened at Nicopolis in the third century: what happened there in the fifth was the transition to the middle ages. This chapter also describes late antique urbanism in the Balkans by focusing on the Justiniana Prima site.

scholarly journals Animal Husbandry and Hunting Practices in Hispania Tarraconensis: An Overview

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 510-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lídia Colominas ◽  
Carlos Fernández Rodríguez ◽  
Maria Pilar Iborra Eres
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
North West ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Territorial Organization

With the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by the Roman Empire, the different societies in the north, north-west, north-east, east, and centre were grouped into the same province, Hispania Tarraconensis. This article sets out to assess whether this new, Roman, territorial organization affected previous animal husbandry and hunting practices. The taxonomic and osteometric study of faunal remains from ninety-four sites dated between the fifth century bc and third century ad provides an overview of animal husbandry and hunting before and after the Roman conquest. It shows that important changes took place and that this province was differentially exploited in terms of animal husbandry.

scholarly journals The Danube legions of the Late Roman Empire (I Italica and V Macedonica) during the second half and middle of the fourth c. a. d.: on the ways of interaction between the frontier and expeditionary armies

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-619
Author(s):  
Е.А. Mekhamadiev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Near East ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Roman Provinces ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
Military Units ◽  
Late Roman

Since 325 A. D., when the Emperor Constantine the Great established a self-sufficient and single expeditionary army of the Roman Empire (previously, before 353, it constantly had stood in Thrace, but then it was split in some smaller military groups), military units of this army have interacted to units of frontier armies during many military campaigns. But epigraphic data from the Lower Danube regions (the provinces of Lower Moesia and Dacia Ripensis (River)) give a chance to trace one another way of interaction, which was an absolutely disregarded before. The author means a food supply of frontier units from the provinces where the expeditionary troops (or imperial bodyguards) had their service. The inscriptions covered by this paper contain evidence about two important Danube frontier legions, that are I Italica (Lower Moesia) and V Macedonica (Dacia Ripensis (River)), which received a food from the Roman Near East provinces (the author means Hellespontus at the North-West of the Asia Minor and Syria Foenice and Syria Palestina just at the Persian frontier), but not from the Danube regions. As the author supposes, the reason of such a way of supply was that some military units (vexillations) detached from the staff of the Danube frontier legions served within the Near East Roman provinces, these vexillations moved at the Near East during the time of the Tetrarchy (293–324) or the sole reign of Constantine the Great (324–337). After their relocation to the Near East, vexillations of the Danube frontier legions have never returned in their home Danube provinces, in contrast, they were parts of the Near East expeditionary armies. But, as a matter of award for diminishing of their staff, the Danube frontier («maternal») legions received a food from the provinces, where their «child» vexillations located and served.

scholarly journals “Hva har romerne noen gang gjort for oss i Nord- Norge?” Om mulige forbindelser mellom Romerriket og det nordligste Norge

Nordlit ◽  
2014 ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Per-Bjarne Ravnå
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Roman History ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Northern Norway ◽  
The Third ◽  
Roman World ◽  
The North ◽  
Geographical Distances ◽  
History Of ◽  
North Norway

<em>“What Have the Romans Ever Done for Us Here in North Norway?”: On Possible Connections Between the Roman Empire and Northernmost Norway. </em>This article argues that scholars studying the early history of northern Norway should pay more attention to Roman history. Even if the geographical distances were long, there are clear signs of connections between inhabitants of northern Norway and the Roman world during the Roman era. In order to understand these connections scholars also need to study Roman history in its own right. To make this point the article investigates the possible Roman connections of a well-known warrior grave from Steigen (Nordland County, North Norway), dated to the middle of the third century CE. The investigation yields no stunning new discoveries, but aims to contribute to a broader and more well-founded understanding of the buried man and the experiences he might have had, as well as a cautious and informed view of broader connections between the North and the Roman world.

scholarly journals ‘Quod grata lavacra nitescunt’: Roman Villa Baths as Markers of Elite Competition in Continental North-Western Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Sadi Maréchal
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Roman Villa ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Cultural Sphere ◽  
North Western

This article examines how villa baths in the north-western Roman empire can help us understand how rural regions were incorporated in the Roman cultural sphere despite the absence of cities and secondary agglomerations. Whereas in the first phase of Roman rule the addition of private baths to a villa could be interpreted as a marker of a Roman way of life, the ever larger and more luxurious bathhouses of the second and third centuries ad can only be understood in the context of intra-elite competition, revealing a real concern for displaying wealth and underlining social status, but also for leaving a family legacy. Here, a case-study in the rural north-west examines the role of baths in the self-representation of elites, the consolidation of elite peer interaction networks, the creation of social exclusion, and the inclusion of new ideas into local cultures.

Excavations at Fishbourne, 1963. Third Interim Report

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Keyword(s):  
Interim Report ◽  
The West ◽  
Civic Society ◽  
North West ◽  
The Third ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Future ◽  
Set Up

Early in 1963 much of the land occupied by the Roman building at Fishbourne was purchased by Mr. I. D. Margary, M.A., F.S.A., and was given to the Sussex Archaeological Trust. The Fishbourne Committee of the trust was set up to administer the future of the site. The third season's excavation, carried out at the desire of this committee, was again organized by the Chichester Civic Society.1 About fifty volunteers a day were employed from 24th July to 3rd September. Excavation concentrated upon three main areas; the orchard south of the east wing excavated in 1962, the west end of the north wing, and the west wing. In addition, trial trenches were dug at the north-east and north-west extremities of the building and in the area to the north of the north wing. The work of supervision was carried out by Miss F. Pierce, M.A., Mr. B. Morley, Mr. A. B. Norton, B.A., and Mr. J. P. Wild, B.A. Photography was organized by Mr. D. B. Baker and Mrs. F. A. Cunliffe took charge of the pottery and finds.

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