scholarly journals Chinese and Indian Agriculture: A Broad Comparison of Recent Policy and Performance

1970 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranab K. Bardhan
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Land Policy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
Indian Agriculture ◽  
Land Relations ◽  
Chinese Policy ◽  
And Performance

AbstractsIn both China and India agriculture is the key sector and yet detailed comparisons of agricultural development in the two economies are difficult to obtain. A major problem is, of course, the availability and reliability of data. This paper puts together some of the information that is now available and assesses its reliability to draw some rough generalizations.On the whole it seems that agricultural production in the two countries has grown at fairly similar rates. In terms of absolute level Chinese yield per hectare in most crops, of course, exceeds that of India by a significant margin, but this has been true for quite a long time in the past.In provision of inputs like organic and inorganic fertilizers and irrigation water the Chinese performance has been much better than that of India. Both countries have devoted not a very low proportion of their total gross investment to the agricultural sector. But the effectiveness of this investment has been quite unsatisfactory on account of, among other things, technical deficiencies and faulty planning in both countries, and the excesses of over enthusiastic but unskilled party cadres in China and a very much restricted framework of village institutions and administrative setup in India. In land policy much of the period under consideration was taken up in China in bold experimentations—with the inevitable advances and retreats—in search of the optimum size of land management in a backward peasant economy, while in India in spite of copious land legislation some of the crucial land relations have remained basically unaltered. The Chinese policy of moving away from age-old small-scale family farming and of emphasizing joint management of land and labour has, on the one hand, significantly strained peasant incentives, but on the other hand rid Chinese agriculture of the burden of uneconomically small and fragmented holdings, tenurial insecurity and crop sharing which still afflict a substantial part of Indian agriculture. The problem of ensuring enough marketed surplus of foodgrains to feed the nonagricultural sector has, however, remained unsolved in both countries, in spite of all changes in institutions and production.

scholarly journals Analisis Pendapatan Petani Ubi Alabio (Dioscorea alata) Di Desa Nelayan Kecamatan Sungai Tabukan Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Utara Propinsi Kalimantan Selatan

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-63
Author(s):  
Mahdalena Mahdalena
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
National Development ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
The Cost

       Agricultural development is aimed at increasing farmers' income and the role of agriculture in overall national development. Among the economic sectors, agriculture must remain the cornerstone of the development of the Hulu Sungai Utara district. The potential of the agricultural sector in Hulu Sungai Utara district includes rice and beans, corn, peanuts, sweet potatoes or sweet potato alabio which are more dominant. The objectives of this study were: (i) to find out the cost and acceptance of the alabio yam farmers for one farm, (ii) to find out how the alabio sweet potato contributes to farmers' income during one farm, (iii) to know the problems faced by farmers. This research has been carried out in the Tabukan Sub-District Fishermen Village, Hulu Sungai Utara Regency, from April to May 2009. While the data collection method is a direct interview method with farmers who are assisted by sample respondents using a questionnaire. At the alabio cassava farm in Desa Nelayan the average cost is Rp. 343,702.8, - / farming. The average income earned is Rp 2,439,036, 11, - and the average income is Rp 2,095,333.3, with an average contribution of 17.6%. Alabio yam farming in Desa Nelayan is a side activity, traditionally cultivated with a small scale of work. The selling price of the alabio perilogram in Nelayan Village ranges from Rp. 4,000 to Rp. 7,000.

scholarly journals The Politics of Agricultural Development in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region in Iraq (KRI)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 5874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joost Jongerden ◽  
Wouter Wolters ◽  
Youri Dijkxhoorn ◽  
Faik Gür ◽  
Murat Öztürk
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Food System ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Subsistence Production ◽  
Risk Approach ◽  
Small Scale Farmers

From being a smallholder-based, food-producing country covering its basic needs, Iraq and the Kurdistan Region in Iraq (KRI) have become major importers of food. The sustainability of the agricultural sector has been systematically undermined by conflict, neglect, and mismanagement, as a result of which the capacity of its farmers to feed the population declined. Even though local policymakers, the international community, and the international organisations emphasise the potential of agriculture for food production, job creation, and income generation, they also tend to consider the current food system problematic because of an alleged low productivity that they relate to the existing smallholder system. For them, such system poses a lack of competences and skills of farmers, and a subsistence production orientation. This approach culminated in a policy-making process that offered land and water for capital investments, and thus neglecting the potentials and competencies of (small-scale) farmers. The concomitant neglect of the human dimension of agriculture, namely the family farm, is essentially the continuation of an economically and ecologically high-risk approach that may lead to a further decline of the sector’s ability to produce food for the local market.

scholarly journals Effects of Integrated Support Programme for Arable Agricultural Development (ISPAAD) on the Income of Sorghum Farmers: Evidence from Kweneng District, Botswana

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Gaboinewe Motlhwa ◽  
Mgale Yohana James ◽  
Yan Yunxian
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Support Programme ◽  
Size Type ◽  
Total Productivity ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
Participation Decisions

This paper examines the factors influencing participation decisions among the farmer’s households of the Integrated Support Program for Arable Agricultural Development with the logistic model and assesses its effects on the agricultural sector in Botswana. Using random sampling, data were collected from 397 households at Kweneng District. The results showed that farm size, type of seed provided, amount of fertilizing, household size, access to extension services, availability of labour, sex of the farmer, risk attitude, total productivity per hectare and group participation were statistically significant at 1% or 5% level. Further analysis revealed that participation improves the income of small-scale farmers.

DISSEMINATION AND USE OF INFORMATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND VARIABILITY: A CASE STUDY OF FARMERS IN MALUGA AND CHIBELA VILLAGES IN SEMI-ARID CENTRAL TANZANIA

Mousaion ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Elia ◽  
Stephen Mutula ◽  
Christine Stilwell
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Diffusion Of Innovations ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change And Variability ◽  
Semi Arid

This study was part of broader PhD research which investigated how access to, and use of, information enhances adaptation to climate change and variability in the agricultural sector in semi-arid Central Tanzania. The research was carried out in two villages using Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations theory and model to assess the dissemination of this information and its use by farmers in their adaptation of their farming practices to climate change and variability. This predominantly qualitative study employed a post-positivist paradigm. Some elements of a quantitative approach were also deployed in the data collection and analysis. The principal data collection methods were interviews and focus group discussions. The study population comprised farmers, agricultural extension officers and the Climate Change Adaptation in Africa project manager. Qualitative data were subjected to content analysis whereas quantitative data were analysed to generate mostly descriptive statistics using SPSS.  Key findings of the study show that farmers perceive a problem in the dissemination and use of climate information for agricultural development. They found access to agricultural inputs to be expensive, unreliable and untimely. To mitigate the adverse effects of climate change and variability on farming effectively, the study recommends the repackaging of current and accurate information on climate change and variability, farmer education and training, and collaboration between researchers, meteorology experts, and extension officers and farmers. Moreover, a clear policy framework for disseminating information related to climate change and variability is required.

Political Economy of Land Tax in Pakistan

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 839-853
Author(s):  
Sarfraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Finance Development ◽  
Equity And Efficiency ◽  
Formed Part

Taxation of the agricultural sector is a major instrument for mobilization of the surplus to finance development projects within the agricultural sector and/or the rest of the economy. For many years, the need for a heavier taxation of agricultural land has formed part of the conventional wisdom regarding the ways of extracting agricultural surplus and increasing the tempo of agricultural development in poor countries. Land taxes have both equity and efficiency properties that gladden the hearts of both economists and vocal politicians belonging to urban areas. Taxes on land promote efficiency in the allocation of scarce resources by creating incentives for farmers to increase their effort and reduce their consumption, thus expanding the amount of agricultural produce available to the non-agricultural sectors of the economy. A tax on land has an important redistributive function because its incidence falls squarely on the landlord and is shifted neither forward to consumers nor backwards to suppliers of agricultural inputs; nor does it introduce distortions in the allocation of productive resources.

scholarly journals The Socio-Economics Factors in Family Farms with Different Economic Sustainability Levels from Central and Eastern Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8262
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży ◽  
Marta Guth ◽  
Adam Majchrzak ◽  
Andreea Cipriana Muntean ◽  
Silvia Stefania Maican
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Small Family ◽  
Generational Changes

Economic sustainability plays an important role in shaping conditions for economic growth and social development. The importance of answering the question about the level of sustainability of family farms results from the fact that the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, apart from exceptions (e.g. the Czech Republic and Slovakia), are characterized by a fragmented agrarian structure. Hence, the main goal of this article was to answer two questions: 1) whether the countries of Central and Eastern Europe differ in the level of economic sustainability of small family farms; and 2) whether the same socioeconomic factors impact similarly on the level of economic sustainability of small family farms from countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The study was based on surveys conducted in small family farms: in 2018 from Poland (672 farms) and in 2019 in four other countries (Lithuania; 999 farms, Romania; 834 farms, Serbia; 523 farms, Moldova; 530 farms). The publication includes a critical analysis of the literature, structure analysis and correlation analysis. The results show the occurrence of large differences between the economic sustainability of small family farms from the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The research indicates that the larger the area of a small-scale family farm, the greater its economic sustainability. The productivity of these farms increases with their economic sustainability. The results also prove a negative relationship between the age of the farmer and the economic sustainability of their farm in all analysed countries. These trends were found in all analysed countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The results of the analyses support the conclusion that agricultural policy instruments aimed at increasing the economic sustainability of small family farms should lead to: land consolidation, a decrease in the age of farm owners through generational changes, and a decrease in employment in agriculture, which would lead to a reduction in labour input in the agricultural sector.

scholarly journals How Do Women Overcome Gender Inequality by Forming Small-Scale Cooperatives? The Case of the Agricultural Sector in Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1797
Author(s):  
Amber Theeuwen ◽  
Valérie Duplat ◽  
Christopher Wickert ◽  
Brian Tjemkes
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Family Business ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Business Relationships ◽  
Female Farmers

In Uganda, the agricultural sector contributes substantially to gross domestic product. Although the involvement of Ugandan women in this sector is extensive, female farmers face significant obstacles, caused by gendering that impedes their ability to expand their family business and to generate incomes. Gender refers to social or cultural categories by which women–men relationships are conceived. In this study, we aim to investigate how gendering influences the development of business relationships in the Ugandan agricultural sector. To do so, we employed a qualitative–inductive methodology to collect unique data on the rice and cassava sectors. Our findings reveal at first that, in the agricultural sector in Uganda, inter-organization business relationships (i.e., between non-family actors) are mostly developed by and between men, whereas intra-organization business relationships with family members are mostly developed by women. We learn that gendering impedes women from developing inter-organization business relationships. Impediments for female farmers include their restricted mobility, the lack of trust by men, their limited freedom in communication, household duties, and responsibilities for farming activities up until sales. Our findings also reveal that these impediments to developing inter-organization business relationships prevent female farmers from being empowered and from attainting economic benefits for the family business. In this context, the results of our study show that grouping in small-scale cooperatives offers female farmers an opportunity to overcome gender inequality and to become economically emancipated. Thanks to these cooperatives, women can develop inter-organization relationships with men and other women and gain easier access to financial resources. Small-scale cooperatives can alter gendering in the long run, in favor of more gender equality and less marginalization of women. Our study responds to calls for more research on the informal economy in developing countries and brings further understanding to the effect of gendering in the Ugandan agricultural sector. We propose a theoretical framework with eight propositions bridging gendering, business relationship development, and empowerment and economic benefits. Our framework serves as a springboard for policy implications aimed at fostering gender equality in informal sectors in developing countries.

scholarly journals A Threat of Farmers’ Suicide and the Opportunity in Organic Farming for Sustainable Agricultural Development in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthikeyan Mariappan ◽  
Deyi Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Conventional Farming ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Input Cost

Agriculture is the main sources of income for humans. Likewise, agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy. In India, Tamil Nadu regional state has a wide range of possibilities to produce all varieties of organic products due to its diverse agro-climatic condition. This research aimed to identify the economics and efficiency of organic farming, and the possibilities to reduce farmers’ suicides in the Tamil Nadu region through the organic agriculture concept. The emphasis was on farmers, producers, researchers, and marketers entering the sustainable economy through organic farming by reducing input cost and high profit in cultivation. A survey was conducted to gather data. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been used to test the hypothesis regards the cost and profit of rice production. The results showed that there was a significant difference in profitability between organic and conventional farming methods. It is very transparent that organic farming is the leading concept of sustainable agricultural development with better organic manures that can improve soil fertility, better yield, less input cost and better return than conventional farming. The study suggests that by reducing the cost of cultivation and get a marginal return through organic farming method to poor and small scale farmers will reduce socio-economic problems such as farmers’ suicides in the future of Indian agriculture.

scholarly journals Solid Form and Phase Transformation Properties of Fexofenadine Hydrochloride during Wet Granulation Process

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 802
Author(s):  
Suye Li ◽  
Hengqian Wu ◽  
Yanna Zhao ◽  
Ruiyan Zhang ◽  
Zhengping Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Dissolution Behavior ◽  
Wet Granulation ◽  
Water Addition ◽  
Granulation Process ◽  
And Performance

The quality control of drug products during manufacturing processes is important, particularly the presence of different polymorphic forms in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) during production, which could affect the performance of the formulated products. The objective of this study was to investigate the phase transformation of fexofenadine hydrochloride (FXD) and its influence on the quality and performance of the drug. Water addition was key controlling factor for the polymorphic conversion from Form I to Form II (hydrate) during the wet granulation process of FXD. Water-induced phase transformation of FXD was studied and quantified with XRD and thermal analysis. When FXD was mixed with water, it rapidly converted to Form II, while the conversion is retarded when FXD is formulated with excipients. In addition, the conversion was totally inhibited when the water content was <15% w/w. The relationship between phase transformation and water content was studied at the small scale, and it was also applicable for the scale-up during wet granulation. The effect of phase transition on the FXD tablet performance was investigated by evaluating granule characterization and dissolution behavior. It was shown that, during the transition, the dissolved FXD acted as a binder to improve the properties of granules, such as density and flowability. However, if the water was over added, it can lead to the incomplete release of the FXD during dissolution. In order to balance the quality attributes and the dissolution of granules, the phase transition of FXD and the water amount added should be controlled during wet granulation.

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