Agrippa in Renaissance Italy: the Esoteric Tradition

1959 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 195-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles G. Nauert
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
The North ◽  
Renaissance Italy ◽  
Late Fifteenth

The curious northerner who had been attracted by the culture of Renaissance Italy and who sooner or later managed to fulfill his desire to visit that land in person was certainly one of the most interesting and most significant types of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century. Historians have found his type interesting and significant partly because they desire to understand the spread of intellectual influences from one region to another, and notably from Italy to northern Europe, and partly because these visitors from the north through their writings give insights into intellectual conditions in Italy itself. The type of the humanistic visitor from the north was already well established by the time that Erasmus began his three-year residence in the peninsula in 1506, for Erasmus was only following the example of many of his humanistic acquaintances, especially his English friends, the Oxford reformers.

The Social Place of a German Renaissance Artist: Hans Baldung Grien (1484/85–1545) at Strasbourg

1975 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Brady
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Professional Association ◽  
Guild Structure ◽  
Hierarchical Order ◽  
Social Prestige ◽  
The Social ◽  
Renaissance Italy ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
Renaissance Artist

In Jakob Burckhardt's classic vision of the emergence of a new, individualistic consciousness in Renaissance Italy, the artist took his place behind the tyrant as one of the early escapees from the crumbling prisons of medieval corporate institutions. Although the picture of his progress from craftsman to free professional is more nuanced and qualified in the recent literature, the Italian artist continues to enjoy his reputation as one of the few permanent beneficiaries of the Renaissance. As the Wittkowers have written: “But the new day came when artists began to revolt against the hierarchical order of which they were an integral part—a day when they regarded the organization meant to protect their interests as prison rather than shelter.”1 At Florence, where artists first achieved a new self-consciousness as theorists and men of letters, private patronage supplied the wealth for a new level of status, higher than that of the craftsman, and weakened the ties of guild life. Not that Florentine artists of the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries invariably became either successful businessmen or bohemians—though both types could be found there and elsewhere in Italy—nor did they revolt against corporate institutions altogether. But their new organization, the Accademia del Disegno, resembled the old guild structure only superficially and was, as its name suggests, a professional association uniting the artistic crafts rather than a type of guild.2 If the sixteenth century Italian artist lacked the social prestige of the lawyer, the notary, or the physician, neither was he any longer lumped together with the cobbler, the stonemason, or the apothecary.

Performing the Passion: Strategies for Salvation in the Life of Stefana Quinzani (d. 1530)

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 218-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cordelia Warr
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cross ◽  
End Of The World ◽  
Second Coming

In Italy, the years around 1500 were fraught for a number of reasons. There were renewed fears about the second coming of Christ and the end of the world. The expansion of the Ottoman Empire gave rise to a sense of instability and impending doom. In this climate many people became increasingly concerned about their fate in the afterlife and the need to be prepared for death and judgement. Central to this was the doctrine of purgatory. Yet, in the first decades of the sixteenth century, ideas surrounding purgatory were highly contested as heretical ideas from northern Europe began to filter into northern Italy. This paper investigates Catholic beliefs about the alleviation of purgatorial suffering through a case study of one holy woman from the north of Italy, the Dominican tertiary, Stefana Quinzani, who, according to a letter of 4 March 1500 written by Duke Ercole d’Este, endured every Friday ‘the whole of the Passion in her body, stage by stage, from the Flagellation to the Deposition from the Cross’.

scholarly journals “Quien será un gran pintor...” Análisis de las condicionantes y de las capacidades necesarias para ser artista según Durero.

2021 ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Oskar Jacek Rojewski
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Dissemination And Implementation ◽  
Charles V ◽  
Artistic Production ◽  
The North ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Four Books ◽  
German School ◽  
The Alps

Resumen: La historiografía artística de la Edad Moderna, plasmada en tratados, paragonae, discursos y correspondencias entre humanistas, permite a los historiadores del arte reconstruir y analizar distintos aspectos de la producción artística italiana de esa época. En el caso de los territorios del Norte de Europa, la ausencia de esta documentación no permite precisar con claridad de detalle fenómenos análogos para los pintores flamencos o acerca de la llamada escuela alemana hasta las primeras décadas del siglo XVI. La poca documentación conservada imposibilita una definición profunda de los aspectos teóricos y estéticos ligados a la producción de los artistas. Además, la estructura gremial del Norte disuadía el proceso de individualización de los artistas. Alberto Durero, artista vinculado a la corte de Maximliano I y posteriormente a la corte de Carlos V, se considera el primer autor de tratados teóricos sobre la creación artística al Norte de los Alpes. Gracias a sus viajes a Italia, Durero entró en contacto con las corrientes de pensamiento acerca de la teoría del arte, que le llevaron a redactar varias publicaciones: Proyecto para el tratado sobre la pintura(1508-1513), Los cuatro libros sobre medidas. Instrucciones de medir con compás y regla(1525) y Cuatro libros sobre las proporciones humanas (1528). El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los tres tratados mencionados con una atención especial a las recomendaciones del autor respecto a la formación del artista. A partir del corpus dureriano, traducido por Bialostocki en 1954 ,este estudio permitirá revisar la difusión y aplicación de las sugerencias en el ámbito de los artistas durante las primeras décadas del siglo XVI.Abstract: The artistic historiography of the Modern Age, formed by theoretical treatises, paragonae, speeches and correspondence between humanists, permit the Historians of art to reconstruct and to analyse various aspects of Italian artistic production. In the case of Northern Europe, the absence of that kind of documentation does not allow to precise clear analogous phenomena for Flemish painters or for German school, until the early decades of the sixteenth century. Not much preserved documentation makes impossible to define well theoretical and aesthetic aspects relate to the artistic production. Besides, the guild structure on the Northern Europe dissuades the process of artists individualization. Albrecht Durer, connected to the court of Maximlian I and to the Charles V court artist, is considered as the first author of artistic theoretical treaties on the North of the Alps. Thanks for the trip to Italy, Dürer came into contact with modern art theory, which resulted in writing several treaties: Project for the Treatise on Painting (1508-1513), Four Books on Measurement. Instructions for Measuring with Compass and Ruler (1525) and Four Books on Human Proportion (1528). The aim of this study is to analyse the three mentioned treaties with special attention on the author's recommendations for appropriated formation of the artist. The base is the Durer´s corpus, translated by Bialostocki in 1954. This study will review the dissemination and implementation of Durer´s suggestions for artists during the first decades of the sixteenth century.

Sorcery in Early Renaissance Florence

1963 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 7-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene A. Brucker
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Alpine Regions ◽  
Renaissance Florence ◽  
Renaissance Italy ◽  
Late Fifteenth

In the published studies of European witchcraft ajid sorcery, Italy does not stand out as a fertile field for the practice of the diabolical arts. Both Hansen and Lea noted the higher incidence of sorcery cases in northern Europe, and particularly in the Alpine regions, where powerful and uncontrolled manifestations of natural phenomena strengthened belief in demons and devils and thus contributed to the practice of sorcery. From the printed evidence, it might be concluded that, in the more rational and skeptical milieu of Renaissance Italy, sorcery was neither practised extensively nor taken seriously by the authorities.It is true that Italy did not experience the extremes of fanaticism and terror which occurred in Germany and the Low Countries from the late fifteenth to the early seventeenth century.

Agricola, Rudolph (1444–85)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Mack
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Major Work ◽  
Duns Scotus ◽  
Realist Position ◽  
Rudolph Agricola ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
Practical Argumentation

Rudolph Agricola was one of the leading humanists of northern Europe in the late fifteenth century. His polished Latin style, his Greek learning and his knowledge of classical literature made him a hero to Erasmus, More, Vives, Melanchthon and Ramus. His major work, De inventione dialectica (On Dialectical Invention) (1479), provides an original account of practical argumentation by combining elements from the established teachings of rhetoric and dialectic with analysis of passages from classical literature. It includes a new version of the topics of invention, based on Cicero’s method of devising arguments, outlined in his Topics. Agricola’s letter De formando studio (On Shaping Studies) (1484), which circulated widely in the sixteenth century, outlines a plan of knowledge and discusses methods of study. Although his approach was strongly humanist and the Roman rhetorician Quintilian was his favourite author, his logic remained firmly Aristotelian, unlike that of his predecessor Lorenzo Valla. He remained aware of the achievements of scholasticism, expressing admiration for Duns Scotus and adopting an extreme realist position in metaphysics.

scholarly journals Phonotactics, graphotactics and contrast: the history of Scots dental fricative spellings

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
BENJAMIN MOLINEAUX ◽  
JOANNA KOPACZYK ◽  
RHONA ALCORN ◽  
WARREN MAGUIRE ◽  
VASILIS KARAISKOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Sound Pattern ◽  
The North ◽  
Late Medieval Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Fifteenth

The spelling conventions for dental fricatives in Anglic languages (Scots and English) have a rich and complex history. However, the various – often competing – graphemic representations (<þ>, <ð>, <y> and <th>, among others) eventually settled on one digraph, <th>, for all contemporary varieties, irrespective of the phonemic distinction between /ð/ and /θ/. This single representation is odd among the languages’ fricatives, which tend to use contrasting graphemes (cf. <f> vs <v> and <s> vs <z>) to represent contrastive voicing, a sound pattern that emerged nearly a millennium ago. Close examinations of the scribal practices for English in the late medieval period, however, have shown that northern texts had begun to develop precisely this type of distinction for dental fricatives as well. Here /ð/ was predominantly represented by <y> and /θ/ by <th> (Jordan 1925; Benskin 1982). In the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, this ‘Northern System’ collapsed, due to the northward spread of a London-based convention using exclusively <th> (Stenroos 2004). This article uses a rich body of corpus evidence for fifteenth-century Scots to show that, north of the North, the phonemic distinction was more clearly mirrored by spelling conventions than in any contemporary variety of English. Indeed, our data for Older Scots local documents (1375–1500) show a pattern where <y> progressively spreads into voiced contexts, while <th> recedes into voiceless ones. This system is traced back to the Old English positional preferences for <þ> and <ð> via subsequent changes in phonology, graphemic repertoire and letter shapes. An independent medieval Scots spelling norm is seen to emerge as part of a developing, proto-standard orthographic system, only to be cut short in the sixteenth century by top-down anglicisation processes.

The Scottish Herring Trade, 1470–1600

2005 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Rorke
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
West Coast ◽  
North West ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
The North ◽  
East And West

This paper uses customs figures to show that herring exports from the east and west coast lowlands expanded significantly in the last six decades of the sixteenth century. The paper argues that the rise was primarily due to the north-west Highland fisheries being opened up and exploited by east and west coast burghs. These ventures required greater capital supplies and more complex organisation than their local inshore fisheries and they were often interrupted by political hostilities. However, the costs were a fraction of those required to establish a deepwater buss fleet, enabling Scotland to expand production and take advantage of European demand for fish while minimising additional capital costs.

Islamic Monuments as Christian Trophies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Urquízar-Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Medieval Chronicles ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Rodrigo Jimenez De Rada ◽  
The Way

Chapter 3 approaches the notion of trophy through historical accounts of the Christianization of the Córdoba and Seville Islamic temples in the thirteenth-century and the late-fifteenth-century conquest of Granada. The first two examples on Córdoba and Seville are relevant to explore the way in which medieval chronicles (mainly Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada and his entourage) turned the narrative of the Christianization of mosques into one of the central topics of the restoration myth. The sixteenth-century narratives about the taking of the Alhambra in Granada explain the continuity of this triumphal reading within the humanist model of chorography and urban eulogy (Lucius Marineus Siculus, Luis de Mármol Carvajal, and Francisco Bermúdez de Pedraza).

Conflict, Population Movement, and Microscale Social Networks in Northern Iroquoian Archaeology

2021 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-367
Author(s):  
Jennifer Birch ◽  
John P. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Population Movement ◽  
Network Ties ◽  
The West ◽  
Local Networks ◽  
North Shore ◽  
The North ◽  
Specific Sequences

We employ social network analysis of collar decoration on Iroquoian vessels to conduct a multiscalar analysis of signaling practices among ancestral Huron-Wendat communities on the north shore of Lake Ontario. Our analysis focuses on the microscale of the West Duffins Creek community relocation sequence as well as the mesoscale, incorporating several populations to the west. The data demonstrate that network ties were stronger among populations in adjacent drainages as opposed to within drainage-specific sequences, providing evidence for west-to-east population movement, especially as conflict between Wendat and Haudenosaunee populations escalated in the sixteenth century. These results suggest that although coalescence may have initially involved the incorporation of peoples from microscale (local) networks, populations originating among wider mesoscale (subregional) networks contributed to later coalescent communities. These findings challenge previous models of village relocation and settlement aggregation that oversimplified these processes.

The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century in Renaissance Italy

1981 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 149-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip M. J. McNair
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Giordano Bruno ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Renaissance Italy ◽  
The One

Between the execution of Gerolamo Savonarola at Florence in May 1498 and the execution of Giordano Bruno at Rome in February 1600, western Christendom was convulsed by the protestant reformation, and the subject of this paper is the effect that that revolution had on the Italy that nourished and martyred those two unique yet representative men: unique in the power and complexity of their personalities, representative because the one sums up the medieval world with all its strengths and weaknesses while the other heralds the questing and questioning modern world in which we live.

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