The Norman Conquest of the North: The Region and Its Transformation, 1000-1135. William E. Kapelle

Speculum ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-403
Author(s):  
Robin L. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Norman Conquest ◽  
The North

The Norman Conquest of the North: The Region and its Transformation, 1000-1135

1980 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Powicke ◽  
William E. Kapelle
Keyword(s):  
Norman Conquest ◽  
The North

Relations between Libya, Tunisia and Malta up to the British Occupation of Malta

1990 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. H. Joffé
Keyword(s):  
Seventh Century ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
North African ◽  
Norman Conquest ◽  
Holy See ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
Conventional View ◽  
The North ◽  
Archeological Evidence ◽  
Close Contacts

AbstractThe conventional view is that Malta has been on the ‘forgotten frontier’ of Christian maritime resistance to Islamic expansionism since the Islamic invasions of North Africa in the seventh century. The limited archival and archeological evidence suggests that, up to the arrival of the Order of the Knights of St John of Jerusalem in Malta in 1530, this picture is not accurate. The Islamic occupation of the Maltese archipelago in 870 created a cosmopolitan Muslim society which persisted until the mid-thirteenth century, despite the Norman conquest of the region in 1090. Indeed, the formal end of Muslim society in Malta only came in 1224, as a side-result of the Hohenstauffen suppression of a Muslim rebellion in Sicily.Even under the Order of St John contacts with the Muslim world were far closer than is conventionally supposed. The Grand Master of the Order maintained close contacts with the Qaramanlis in Tripoli and the Beys of Tunis during the eighteenth century, despite the continuation of the corso. In reality, contacts had always existed and had been recognised as essential by the Holy See because Malta could not sustain its population once it had exceeded 10,000 persons. Sicily, the obvious source of supply, often exerted undesirable political pressure and the Barbary coast was the only other alternative. The main legacy of the close contacts between Malta and the North African Muslim world, however, is to be found, even today, in the Maltese language, which is really a Medieval variant of North African Arabic.

scholarly journals VII.—Some Account of Scandinavian Runic Stones which speak of Knut the Great, King of all the North

Archaeologia ◽  
1871 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-117
Author(s):  
George Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Third Century ◽  
Roman Britain ◽  
Norman Conquest ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
The Face

The “folk-wanderings” changed the face of Europe; the blended iron despotism and shameless vice of Rome fell before them, and free states, soon Christian, re-establisht something like right and morals, while our modern languages, “barbarian “dialects more or less mixt with the Roman elements among which they grew, took the place of the official Augustan or the vulgar lingua rustica. Most eventful among these folk-wanderings was that flood which gradually overwhelmed Roman Britain. Pouring in from various border-lands, chiefly Denmark and the rest of Scandinavia, from the third century downwards, in small peaceful settlements, large armed bands, still larger array under wikings and sea-kings, it was only really closed by that strange combination of crown-seeking and land-seeking commonly called “the Norman Conquest.”

Winchester

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Roffey
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Central Place ◽  
British History ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
The South ◽  
Norman Conquest ◽  
The North ◽  
South Central ◽  
Charles Ii ◽  
Power Center

Winchester lays claim to being one of the most important cities in British history. The city has a central place in British myth and legend and was once ancient capital and residence of the Anglo-Saxon and early Norman kings. Winchester is also one of the most extensively excavated medieval towns in England and was the training ground for modern British archeology. Situated in south-central England, Winchester was close to key communication routes via the south coast and the important medieval port at Southampton. Founded in the Roman period as Venta Belgarum, close to the site of the Iron Age market settlement, Winchester quickly grew into a prosperous Roman civitas. After the decline of Roman power in Britain, Winchester remained as an important power center in the south and by the mid-7th century was the pre-eminent town in the newly established Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex. With the consolidation of Wessex’s power in the 9th and 10th centuries and the eventual re-establishment of control over the former Viking-influenced areas of the midlands and the north, Winchester became the seat of English royal power. With the Norman Conquest in 1066, the early Norman kings sought to keep Winchester as the royal seat. However, with the rising pre-eminence of London in the mid-12th century, Winchester’s power declined as royal and secular power shifted to London. Nevertheless, Winchester was still to remain of some importance throughout the medieval period and its bishop one of the most powerful, influential, and richest lords in medieval England; a status still attested to by the city’s medieval cathedral. As a city of many religious foundations, Winchester’s fortunes waned after the Reformation to be briefly reborn in the later 17th century with the planned construction of Charles II palace on the site of the former medieval castle. Charles’ plans to reinvent Winchester as a revitalized English royal city were aborted with his untimely death in 1688, with the palace, designed by Christopher Wren, barely finished.

The Sarcophagus of Naro, Sicily

1939 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
S. H. Steinberg
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Section ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
The West ◽  
White Marble ◽  
Norman Conquest ◽  
The North ◽  
The Town ◽  
The Church ◽  
Yellowish White ◽  
Half Length

Among the places which Count Roger I conquered during his campaign in Southern Sicily in 1086, Gaufredus Malaterra mentions the Arab town of Narû, the present Naro, in the province of Agrigento. Naro, like nearly all towns in inner Sicily, is dominated by a castle and a church which stand some hundred yards distant from one another on two rocky heights at the top of the mountain on which the town is situated. The church stands, as is shown by recent excavations, on the site of a pagan temple and an Arab mosque. Here Roger I had erected the first Christian church after the Norman conquest. A century later this building was renovated and extended. The Englishman Walter of the Mill, from 1169 archbishop of Palermo and before that dean of Agrigento, whose diocese also included Naro, is said to have been the builder. The new building was started in 1174, when Bartholomew of the Mill, Walter's brother, was bishop of Agrigento, and it was consecrated in May 1263 by Rudolf, cardinal bishop of Albano, attended by two archbishops and four bishops. Since 1867 the church has not been used and has become a sad ruin. The ceiling has fallen in, weeds grow on the floor, all its interior ornaments have been destroyed and have disappeared. There is, however, one exception: on the west wall of the north transept, opposite the apse, still stands one large sarcophagus. This sarcophagus is made of yellowish-white marble. Its lower part rests on four seated lions, and is shaped like a bath, round the top of which run two mouldings. In vertical section the lid is pentagonal, the upper point forming the ridge of the saddle-roof. This ridge is not strictly horizontal, but is raised a little towards the middle. From both the side-mouldings one member is left out, having perhaps been reserved for an inscribed ribbon, probably inlaid in metal. On each of the slopes are three round medallions worked in relief. The outer ones contain the symbols of the four Evangelists, the inner ones the half-length figures of Christ, with sceptre and orb, and the Holy Virgin.

Women and the Norman Conquest

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 221-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Stafford
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Great Change ◽  
Norman Conquest ◽  
The North ◽  
French Writer ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Regard ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Married State

IN 1779 William Alexander published what is probably the first history of women in English. The work is in the eighteenth-century Enlightenment tradition of Montesquieu or the Scot Millar in its wide comparative reference; it ranges over ancient and modern societies, civilised and savage. Alexander was interested, like Millar, in the historical changes which had produced change for women; and convinced, like so many eighteenth-century thinkers, that change was a western phenomenon. In his story, the first great change after Rome came with the arrival of the Germans, who gave ‘law and custom to all Europe’ and who brought with them a new view of women. ‘Their women were in many respects of equal and sometimes even greater consideration and consequence than their men’. His sentiments echo those of the French writer Thomas, whom he had certainly read. In 1772 Thomas had begun his essay on the character, manners and spirit of women in different centuries by dividing the world into savages, who oppress as tyrants, orientals, who are driven to oppress due to an excess of love, and the denizens of temperate climates, where less passion allows greater freedom. It was thus from the cold ‘shores of the Baltic and forests of the North’ that the primitive Germans brought to Europe their spirit of gallantry and great respect for women. Both Thomas and Alexander echoed and adapted Tacitus’ classic picture of Germanic women. Tacitus had long since written of the high regard in which the German women were held: of the mothers and wives who urged their sons and husbands to valour, of their inspirational chastity, of the austere frugality of Germanic marriage, of wives whose controlled passions loved the married state itself rather than their husbands.

The Norman Conquest of the North: The Region and Its Transformation, 1100-1135.

1981 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
R. Allen Brown ◽  
William E. Kapelle
Keyword(s):  
Norman Conquest ◽  
The North

Cumbrian society and the Anglo-Norman church

1982 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 119-135
Author(s):  
R. K. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Norman Conquest ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Church Life ◽  
Anglo Norman ◽  
Time Part ◽  
Monastic Communities ◽  
No Man's Land

The twelfth century was a period of both political and ecclesiastical settlement in the north-west of England, when the conquerors were seeking to establish Anglo-Norman institutions in an area as much Celtic and Norse as Anglo-Saxon. The church was re-vitalised, monasticism re-established, and parish churches were built and re-built to an extent previously unknown. The response of Cumbrian’ society was favourable, but a ‘national’ flavour of the diverse elements making up that society was retained. When in 1092 William Rufus marched into the north-west, seized Carlisle, and drove out the ‘ruler’, Dolfin son of earl Gospatric of Dunbar, he was enacting the final phase of the Norman conquest of England. The border between England and Scotland was established, and this only deviated when David I brought the district back under Scottish control during the reign of Stephen. At one time part of the kingdom of Northumbria and then of the kingdom of Strathclyde, by the eleventh century the north-west had become a political no-man’s-land, the kings of England and Scotland each regarding it as belonging to his respective realm. Church life had been greatly eroded, and monastic communities, as in the rest of northern England, had totally disappeared, due as much to the unstable political situation over the previous two centuries as to the lack of any strong spiritual control. The region itself was in a depressed condition, depopulated and devastated by the invasions of king Edmund in 945, Ethelred in 1000, and most recently by early Gospatric in 1070.

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