Cation-Ratio Dating and Archaeological Research Design: Response to Harry

1997 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas B. Bamforth
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Power Project ◽  
Cation Ratio

Harry's recent paper in this journal critiques the use of cation-ratio dating to assess the age of surface-collected artifacts as part of a rejection of this dating technique in general. However, Harry's negative conclusions are difficult to reconcile both with the seemingly successful application of cation-ratio dating as part of the Intermountain Power Project (IPP) in California, the only other project in which surface artifacts have been cation-ratio dated, as well as with Harry's own data. The present comment details substantial differences in (1) the rigor and sophistication of the research designs applied by Harry and the IPP research and (2) the integrity of the sites on which these two projects worked, and points out important components of Harry's data that are inconsistent with her conclusions. Cation-ratio dating is certainly not yet perfected as a dating technique, but the available data indicate clearly that Harry's critique is seriously flawed.

A Consideration of Archaeological Research Design

1964 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis R. Binford
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Probability Sampling ◽  
Research Programs ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Cultural Processes

AbstractIt is argued that the methodology most appropriate for the task of isolating and studying processes of cultural change and evolution is one which is regional in scope and executed with the aid of research designs based on the principles of probability sampling. The various types of observational populations which archaeologists must study are discussed, together with an evaluation of the methodological differences attendant upon adequate and reliable investigation of each. Two basic sampling universes are discussed, the region and the site, together with their methodological and research-design peculiarities. These are used as a basis for discussion and past and current research programs are evaluated in terms of what are believed to be major limitations in obtaining the "facts" pertinent to studies of cultural processes.

scholarly journals Research Design Based on Fatwa Making Process: An Exploratory Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 241
Author(s):  
Shahir Akram Hassan ◽  
Wan Mohd Khairul Firdaus Wan Khairuldin
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Planning Framework ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Problem Description ◽  
Legal Expert

The Fatwa making process is a process used by an Islamic mufti (A Muslim legal expert) to issue a non-binding opinion or fatwa (judicial pronouncement in Islam) on the point of Islamic sharia law when a question is raised by a mustafti (The person who asks a mufti for a fatwa), the person who has asked for a fatwa. The mufti will issue the fatwa through four fatwa-making stages, which are al-taswir (problem description), al-takyif (adaptation), al-hukm (legal explanation) and al-ifta' (fatwa determination). This process is intended to ensure the fatwa issued is accurate and appropriate. The research design is defined as a logical action plan, and it functions as a planning framework that involves all processes holistically to achieve the objectives of the study. This study explored the appropriateness of the fatwa making process in research design, the purposes, steps, and resources of the research design based on the fatwa-making process and why it is not used to conduct Islamic-related researches. The two main objectives of the study was to identify the fatwa-making process, and to analyse the research design based on the fatwa-making process. In order to achieve these objectives, the qualitative study adopted document analysis and content analysis methods. The research found that the fatwa-making process possessed detailed steps that resembled research design and was more appropriate in conducting Islamic-related research based on the purposes, actions, and resources of research designs based on the fatwa-making process.

Brand forgiveness

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 633-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Fetscherin ◽  
Alexandra Sampedro
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Brand Transgression ◽  
Degrees Of Severity ◽  
A Performance

Purpose This paper aims to explore and discuss the concept of brand forgiveness. It empirically assesses the relationships among three types of brand transgressions, brand forgiveness and three consumer coping strategies. Design/methodology/approach A 3 × 2 research design is used to evaluate the effects of three types of brand transgression (performance, image and value) and two degrees of severity (high vs low) for brand forgiveness. Then, this paper use a 2 × 3 research design, evaluating two degrees of brand forgiveness (high vs low) together with their effects on three different consumer coping strategies (switching, attacking and purchasing again). Using a representative sample of 472 US consumers, various hypotheses related to these research designs are tested. Findings The results show that almost half (48 per cent) of the consumers are unlikely or very unlikely to forgive a brand compared to about a third (32 per cent) who are likely or very likely to forgive. The results of ANOVA show the more severe the brand transgression, the less likely the forgiveness. Consumers who are more likely to forgive are less likely to avoid the brand or engage in attacking behaviors; they are also more likely to purchase the brand again. The results of regression analyses show that consumers witnessing a performance-based brand transgression are more likely to forgive the brand than in the case of image- or value-based brand transgressions. Originality/value This paper explores and outlines the brand forgiveness construct, both theoretically and empirically.

Compared to What? A Comment on “A Robust Transformation Procedure for Interpreting Political Text” by Martin and Vanberg

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Benoit ◽  
Michael Laver
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
New Method ◽  
Policy Positions ◽  
Transformation Procedure ◽  
Alternative Method ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Original Reference ◽  
Selection Of

In “A Robust Transformation Procedure,” Martin and Vanberg (2007, hereafter MV) propose a new method for rescaling the raw virgin text scores produced by the “Wordscores” procedure of Laver, Benoit, and Garry (2003, hereafter LBG). Their alternative method addresses two deficiencies they argue exist with the transformation of virgin text scores proposed by LBG: First, that the LBG transformation is sensitive to the selection of virgin texts, and second, that it distorts the reference metric by failing to recover the original reference scores when reference texts are scored and transformed as if they were virgin texts. Their proposed alternative is “robust” in the sense that it avoids both shortcomings. Not only is MV's transformation a welcome contribution to the Wordscores project but also the critical analysis on which it is based brings to light a number of assumptions and choices that face the analyst seeking to estimate actors' policy positions using statistical analyses of the texts they generate. When first describing the possibility of rescaling the raw virgin text estimates, we emphasized that ourparticular approach to rescaling is not fundamental to our word-scoring technique but, rather, is a matter of substantive research design unrelated to the validity of the raw virgin text scores… Other transformations are of course possible. (LBG, 316)To explore more fully into the assumptions and choices behind alternative transformations and the research designs which motivate them, we offer the following comments.

Addressing Adoption and Research Design Decisions Simultaneously

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 853-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire McKenna ◽  
Karl Claxton
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Adoption Decisions ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Research Decision ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Methods to estimate the cost-effectiveness of technologies are well developed with increasing experience of their application to inform adoption decisions in a timely way. However, the experience of using similarly explicit methods to inform the associated research decisions is less well developed despite appropriate methods being available with an increasing number of applications in health. The authors demonstrate that evaluation of both adoption and research decisions is feasible within typical time and resource constraints relevant to policy decisions, even in situations in which data are sparse and formal elicitation is required. In addition to demonstrating the application of expected value of sample information (EVSI) in these circumstances, the authors examine and carefully distinguish the impact that the research decision is expected to have on patients while enrolled in the trial, those not enrolled, and once the trial reports. In doing so, the authors are able to account for the range of opportunity cost associated with research and evaluate a number of research designs including length of follow-up and sample size. The authors also explore the implications for research design of conducting research while the technology is approved for widespread use and whether approval should be withheld until research reports. In doing so, the authors highlight the impact of irrecoverable opportunity costs when the initial costs of a technology are compensated only by later gains in health outcome.

Response to: The Ongoing Debate about the Impact of the 150-Hour Education Requirement on the Supply of Certified Public Accountants

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 1045-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur C. Allen ◽  
Angela M. Woodland
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Certified Public Accountants ◽  
Pass Rates ◽  
Accounting Profession ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Cpa Exam ◽  
Public Accountants ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT In an earlier paper in this journal, Allen and Woodland (2006; hereafter AW) provided evidence that the 150-hour education requirement for licensure significantly reduced the number of candidates taking and passing the CPA exam, but had little effect on pass rates. Gramling and Rosman (2009; hereafter GR) extended AW by examining the number of candidates based on whether the 150-hour requirement applies to the exam or for licensure, concluding that the 150-hour requirement does not reduce the number of candidates taking and passing the exam. In this paper, we reopen the discussion of whether the 150-hour education requirement affects entrants into the accounting profession by comparing the AW and GR research designs and conclusions. We conclude that the GR research design yields results about whether differences in 150-hour implementation methods affect the number of candidates taking and passing the exam, but does not directly provide evidence about whether the 150-hour education requirement itself affects the number of candidates.

The Status of Archaeological Research Design in Cultural Resource Management

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert C. Goodyear ◽  
L. Mark Raab ◽  
Timothy C. Klinger
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Contract Archaeology ◽  
Contract Research ◽  
Research Orientation ◽  
Research Organizations ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
The Status ◽  
Made In

The recent research activity of contract archaeology is reviewed from the perspective of research design and its essential features. Some of the difficulties currently encountered in contract research are attributed to vague notions of research design, lack of general models and methods in the science of archaeology, and ineffective research organizations. It is argued that American contract research offers an unprecedented opportunity to test theories of human behavior, provided the profession can make the necessary organizational shifts in research orientation and structure. Some examples of various applied research designs are examined to indicate the kinds of successful adaptations being made in the contract sphere, as well as outright scientific contributions to the discipline. We conclude that contract archaeology has already provided at least three benefits to the profession (1) by forcing researchers to cope theoretically and methodologically with heretofore unexplored and unexplained archaeological remains, (2) by promoting a scientific merging of historical and prehistoric archaeology, and (3) by stimulating archaeologists to probe the resource base in new and explicit ways for all possible dimensions of significance.

scholarly journals The Credibility Revolution in Empirical Economics: How Better Research Design is Taking the Con out of Econometrics

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua D Angrist ◽  
Jörn-Steffen Pischke
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Empirical Microeconomics ◽  
Empirical Economics ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Good Research

Since Edward Leamer's memorable 1983 paper, “Let's Take the Con out of Econometrics,” empirical microeconomics has experienced a credibility revolution. While Leamer's suggested remedy, sensitivity analysis, has played a role in this, we argue that the primary engine driving improvement has been a focus on the quality of empirical research designs. The advantages of a good research design are perhaps most easily apparent in research using random assignment. We begin with an overview of Leamer's 1983 critique and his proposed remedies. We then turn to the key factors we see contributing to improved empirical work, including the availability of more and better data, along with advances in theoretical econometric understanding, but especially the fact that research design has moved front and center in much of empirical micro. We offer a brief digression into macroeconomics and industrial organization, where progress—by our lights—is less dramatic, although there is work in both fields that we find encouraging. Finally, we discuss the view that the design pendulum has swung too far. Critics of design-driven studies argue that in pursuit of clean and credible research designs, researchers seek good answers instead of good questions. We briefly respond to this concern, which worries us little.

6. Research Design

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Halperin ◽  
Oliver Heath
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Voluntary Participation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Different Types

This chapter focuses on the basic principles of research design. It first considers different types of research design, including experimental designs, cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, comparative designs, and historical research designs. It also discusses two types of research validity: internal validity and external validity. The chapter proceeds by describing various methods of data collection and the sort of data or evidence each provides, including questionnaires and surveys, interviewing and focus groups, ethnographic research, and discourse/content analysis. Finally, it examines six issues that must be taken into account to ensure ethical research: voluntary participation, informed consent, privacy, harm, exploitation, and consequences for future research.

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