Some Thoughts on Sican Marked Adobes and Labor Organization

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffael Cavallaro ◽  
Izumi Shimada
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Labor Organization ◽  
Very High Frequency ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Moche Valley ◽  
Labor Tax ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Very High

This paper explores the applicability of the segmentary construction-labor tax model of marked adobe distribution proposed for the solid adobe Mochica pyramids in the Moche Valley on the Peruvian North Coast for Middle Sican monumental architecture in Batan Grande farther north. The model is found inadequate to account for the Middle Sican brick-marking pattern characterized by, among other things, a very high frequency of marking and lack of a one-to-one correspondence between brick size/shape and mark. The difference seems due in part to the chamber-fill building technique of the Middle Sican pyramids which required large scale, unitary construction. Cluster analysis was carried out to assess the relative merits of various alternative models. The most plausible models are those that posit a relatively complex labor organization and specify the role of local, lower-level administrators.

scholarly journals Hyperfine structure in the arc spectrum of cæsium and nuclear rotation

1928 ◽  
Vol 121 (787) ◽  
pp. 432-447 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hyperfine Structure ◽  
Nuclear Spin ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Principal Series ◽  
Very High Frequency ◽  
Nuclear Rotation ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mechanical Moment ◽  
Very High

The arc spectrum of cæsium was investigated with the object of finding whether any of its lines possessed hyperfine structure, resulting from a nuclear magnetic moment, due to a quantised nuclear spin. The lines belonging to the principal series should, owing to the greater degree of penetration of the electron in the (1 s or 6 1 ) orbit, and the correspondingly greater interaction, show the greatest effect. The lines of the principal series are very easily broadened if the vapour pressure of the metal becomes high, so that great care had to be used in obtaining the spectrum of cæsium at a sufficiently low temperature. The most satisfactory method of excitation was found to be the application by means of external electrodes of a very high frequency alternating current to a tube filled with helium at about 2 mm. pressure containing a small quantity of cæsium. The tube required slight heating to bring out the cæsium lines; without this the helium spectrum was very much stronger than the metallic spectrum. At a very low vapour pressures of cæsium the discharge was blue in colour. Under these conditions the lines of the principal series showed no broadening greater than that due to thermal agitation, but at a slightly higher temperature the colour of the discharge became purple and the lines broadened. The lines belonging to the principal series were found to be very close doublets with very nearly constant frequencies differences. A theory is worked out which explains the origin of these doublets, assuming a nuclear spin of one half quantum; by correlating the difference in the separation of the hyperfine structure doublets in the 1 s — m 2 p 3/2 lines and the 1 s — m 2 p 1/2 lines, it is shown that a ratio of the magnetic to the mechanical moment of the nucleus about twice as great as the corresponding ratio for the electron would account for the observed frequency differences. The spectral notation used throughout is that of Hund. The results are compared with those found for the hyperfine structure of some of the bismuth lines by Back and Goudsmid, and are found to be in satisfactory agreement. A selection principle is found which applies both to the bismuth and the cæsium spectrum.

The economic and financial viability of sheltered employment centres

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 2261-2283
Author(s):  
Vera Gelashvili ◽  
Eva María Aguilar Pastor ◽  
María-Jesús Segovia-Vargas ◽  
Maria-del-Mar Camacho-Miñano
Keyword(s):  
Training Programs ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Very High

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether sheltered employment centers (CEEs) which have a higher rate of professionalization of their managers have better economic returns than those that have a lower one. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire has been drawn up for their managers. After collecting the answers, an index of professionalization classifies the CEEs with managers of high, medium and low levels of professionalism. This index is then correlated with the main financial ratios of companies. Findings The results show that companies with the highest level of managers’ professionalization, on average, have higher economic returns than companies with medium and low rates, although the difference is not very high. This study is an important contribution to academic literature, as it is the first to examine the professionalization of CEE managers. Research limitations/implications Finally, this paper is not short of limitations. The number of responses is small but there are similar studies with similar response rates. Additionally, the scarcity of responses may suggest that there is a lack of interest about the utility of professionalization by some CEEs managers because, perhaps, they do not have the necessary competences to understand its importance in management. Practical implications This study has some main implications for stakeholders: first, CEEs must pay more attention to the professionalization of their management team, because professionalization can lead to meeting its goals and guaranteeing the firm’s growth. Second, training programs in skills and attitudes should be designed to strengthen these competencies. Moreover, managers of social firms should know that the establishment of strategic plans will be useful to identify new opportunities in the market. Social implications Given the important role of these social firms for the employment of people with disabilities, training programs should be promoted by government in order to ensure the professionalization of these companies. Originality/value This research is an important contribution to the literature on this subject because there are no studies about the level of professionalization of CEEs, companies that represent an important value for the economy of a country.

scholarly journals Irrigation and the Origins of the Southern Moche State on the North Coast of Peru

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian R. Billman
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Moche Valley ◽  
The North ◽  
State Evaluation ◽  
North Coast Of Peru

In this paper, I examine the role that irrigation played in the formation of the Southern Moche state in the Moche Valley, Peru. Specifically, I attempt to test Wittfogel and Steward's hydraulic model, which postulates that in certain arid environments, the managerial requirements of construction and maintenance of irrigation systems played a crucial role in the formation of centralized polities. I formulate and evaluate four hypotheses concerning the role of irrigation systems in the Moche Valley. Those hypotheses are then evaluated using settlement pattern data drawn from two surveys that cover the entire coastal section of the valley and provide information on 910 archaeological sites. Based on those data, I present a sequence of political development for the valley from the formation of the first autonomous village in the Late Preceramic period (2500–1800 B. C.) to the zenith of the Southern Moche state. Evaluation of the four hypotheses indicates that the managerial requirements of irrigation were relatively unimportant; rather, warfare, highland-coastal interaction, and political control of irrigation systems created opportunities for leaders to form a highly centralized, territorially expansive state sometime between A. D. 200 and 700.

scholarly journals Network Patterns of Herbal Combinations in Traditional Chinese Clinical Prescriptions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Wang ◽  
Ninglin Du ◽  
Yonghong Peng ◽  
Kuo Yang ◽  
Zixin Shu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Network Pharmacology ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Very High Frequency ◽  
Network Patterns ◽  
Herbal Prescription ◽  
Very High

As a well-established multidrug combinations schema, traditional Chinese medicine (herbal prescription) has been used for thousands of years in real-world clinical settings. This paper uses a complex network approach to investigate the regularities underlying multidrug combinations in herbal prescriptions. Using five collected large-scale real-world clinical herbal prescription datasets, we construct five weighted herbal combination networks with herb as nodes and herbal combinational use in herbal prescription as links. We found that the weight distribution of herbal combinations displays a clear power law, which means that most herb pairs were used in low frequency and some herb pairs were used in very high frequency. Furthermore, we found that it displays a clear linear negative correlation between the clustering coefficients and the degree of nodes in the herbal combination network (HCNet). This indicates that hierarchical properties exist in the HCNet. Finally, we investigate the molecular network interaction patterns between herb related target modules (i.e., subnetworks) in herbal prescriptions using a network-based approach and further explore the correlation between the distribution of herb combinations and prescriptions. We found that the more the hierarchical prescription, the better the corresponding effect. The results also reflected a well-recognized principle called “Jun-Chen-Zuo-Shi” in TCM formula theories. This also gives references for multidrug combination development in the field of network pharmacology and provides the guideline for the clinical use of combination therapy for chronic diseases.

scholarly journals Continuous mutual improvement of macromolecular structure models in the PDB and of X-ray crystallographic software: the dual role of deposited experimental data

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 2533-2543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Terwilliger ◽  
Gerard Bricogne
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Macromolecular Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rapid Pace ◽  
Very High

Accurate crystal structures of macromolecules are of high importance in the biological and biomedical fields. Models of crystal structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) are in general of very high quality as deposited. However, methods for obtaining the best model of a macromolecular structure from a given set of experimental X-ray data continue to progress at a rapid pace, making it possible to improve most PDB entries after their deposition by re-analyzing the original deposited data with more recent software. This possibility represents a very significant departure from the situation that prevailed when the PDB was created, when it was envisioned as a cumulative repository of static contents. A radical paradigm shift for the PDB is therefore proposed, away from the static archive model towards a much more dynamic body of continuously improving results in symbiosis with continuously improving methods and software. These simultaneous improvements in methods and final results are made possible by the current deposition of processed crystallographic data (structure-factor amplitudes) and will be supported further by the deposition of raw data (diffraction images). It is argued that it is both desirable and feasible to carry out small-scale and large-scale efforts to make this paradigm shift a reality. Small-scale efforts would focus on optimizing structures that are of interest to specific investigators. Large-scale efforts would undertake a systematic re-optimization of all of the structures in the PDB, or alternatively the redetermination of groups of structures that are either related to or focused on specific questions. All of the resulting structures should be made generally available, along with the precursor entries, with various views of the structures being made available depending on the types of questions that users are interested in answering.

Prehistoric Principles of Labor Organization in the Moche Valley, Peru

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (2Part1) ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Edward Moseley
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Labor Organization ◽  
Moche Valley ◽  
Repetitive Tasks ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Labor Tax

Prehistoric construction projects in the Moche Valley required the mobilization and coordination of very large numbers of individuals. It is thought that workers were mobilized by means of labor tax obligations, and large projects were subdivided into repetitive tasks executed by distinct parties of workmen drawn from separate communities.

scholarly journals Fog and rain in the Amazon

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (37) ◽  
pp. 11473-11477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usama Anber ◽  
Pierre Gentine ◽  
Shuguang Wang ◽  
Adam H. Sobel
Keyword(s):  
General Circulation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
General Circulation Models ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Large Scale Circulation ◽  
Cloud Albedo ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hydrological Cycles

The diurnal and seasonal water cycles in the Amazon remain poorly simulated in general circulation models, exhibiting peak evapotranspiration in the wrong season and rain too early in the day. We show that those biases are not present in cloud-resolving simulations with parameterized large-scale circulation. The difference is attributed to the representation of the morning fog layer, and to more accurate characterization of convection and its coupling with large-scale circulation. The morning fog layer, present in the wet season but absent in the dry season, dramatically increases cloud albedo, which reduces evapotranspiration through its modulation of the surface energy budget. These results highlight the importance of the coupling between the energy and hydrological cycles and the key role of cloud albedo feedback for climates over tropical continents.

scholarly journals Svalbard’s Mesoscale Environmental Factor Impact on the Wind Field

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1165
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Kitowska ◽  
Tomasz Petelski
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Sea Breeze ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Atmospheric Measurements ◽  
Atmospheric Circulation Patterns ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Circulation Types ◽  
Circulation Patterns ◽  
The Difference

The mesoscale circulation along the west shore of Spitsbergen is largely controlled by the difference in temperature between the glaciers and surface sea temperatures. We describe how the mesoscale effect influences the atmospheric circulation patterns. The conducted research was based on reanalysis data, model data, and atmospheric measurements; wind data from different sources and scales were compared and analysed. We discuss the situations wherein the mesoscale effect can be identified by analysing the wind direction or its velocity. This study shows the role of the mesoscale effect on the wind in the Svalbard region. Different situations according to the atmospheric patterns taken from a catalogue of 21 circulation types for each day created for Svalbard are analysed and compared with cases of land-sea breeze type circulation for the 20-year period between 1994 and 2013. It is proved that even if it is not possible to distinguish this mesoscale effect based on the difference between local and large-scale wind directions, this factor can be observed by studying the wind speeds. It is claimed that as long as there are glaciers on Spitsbergen, there will be a mesoscale land-sea breeze type circulation controlled by the difference in air temperature over land and water.

Role of very-high-frequency excitation in single-bubble sonoluminescence

2000 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 2233-2237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Moraga ◽  
Rusi P. Taleyarkhan ◽  
Richard T. Lahey ◽  
Fabian J. Bonetto
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Single Bubble ◽  
Very High Frequency ◽  
High Frequency Excitation ◽  
Frequency Excitation ◽  
Single Bubble Sonoluminescence ◽  
Very High
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