Quantifying Hallstatt: Some Initial Results

1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Roy Hodson
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Temperate Europe ◽  
Initial Results ◽  
Grave Goods

AbstractNine hundred eighty Early Iron Age graves at Hallstatt, Austria, were excavated between 1846 and 1863. Since then, no really comparable body of material has been discovered in temperate Europe. A report is presented on some initial attempts to reconsider this classic material using quantitative methods. The analyses reported attempt to determine from grave goods the sex, age, status, and the relative date of buried individuals. Graves are graded according to their likely integrity and are described by the types of object they contain. These descriptors are then subjected to some regular forms of data analysis and some provisional general conclusions are drawn.

scholarly journals Late Hallstatt pottery from north-eastern Serbia (6th to 4th century BC)

Starinar ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 23-51
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Kapuran
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Pottery Production ◽  
Spiritual Culture ◽  
New Information ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Grave Goods

By looking at prehistoric collections and unpublished material from the museums in north-eastern Serbia, as well as by surveying and excavating, new information was gained which fulfills the image of material and spiritual culture of prehistoric communities from the end of the Early Iron Age. Usually, for a closer chronological determination, metal jewellery and weapons were considered. Pottery finds were published only occasionally, usually due to contexts which were not clear enough, or due to chronological insensitivity (unless they were grave goods), but also due to stylistic and typological differences not clearly distinguished between the 'Basarabi' culture and the culture of 'channelled pottery'. This paper aims to define features of pottery production from different sites, more precisely, those found in the territory between the Iron Gates, Kljuc and the Timok valley.

scholarly journals Female bu rials of the Kichigi no I cemetery in the framework of the bu rial rite of the South Ural early nomads

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (04) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
N. Berseneva
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
The South ◽  
Funeral Ritual ◽  
Gold Jewelry ◽  
Bronze Vessel ◽  
High Social Status ◽  
Grave Goods

The article concerns female burials in the Early Iron Age cemetery Kichigino I. In total, 10 kurgans were investigated. The mounds contained burials dated from 7th to 2nd—4th centuries BC. At least seven women were buried in the kurgans. There were burials of varying degree of preservation. Five burials were provided with anthropological identification. The age of the buried at the time of death is from 25—35 to 45—55 years old. Grave goods included numerous ornaments, including gold jewelry, ritual and domestic items and weaponry. Three burials from mound 3, all related to the Early Sarmatian period (4th century BC), were especially interesting in terms of grave goods. Large quiver sets of arrows with bronze heads were found in two graves (pits 3 and 4). Items of the high social status (gold ornaments in the animal style, bronze vessel and ritual things) were discovered in grave 5. In general, female burials from the cemetery Kichigino I fit well into the context of the funeral ritual of the Southern Ural early nomads both in terms of grave goods and the way of disposal of the dead.

The Toumba building at Lefkandi: a statistical method for detecting a design-unit

2004 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 257-271
Author(s):  
Jari Pakkanen
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Statistical Problem ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Methodological Paper

This methodological paper uses the measurements of the Early Iron Age Toumba building at Lefkandi to study whether a single design-unit can be detected in the data set. Cosine quantogram analysis is used in the initial analysis of the building dimensions and, in the second phase, the relevance of the obtained results is calculated by using Monte Carlo computer simulations. A statistically significant unit of c. 49 cm can be isolated, but because of the very limited number of precise dimensions, this result should only be accepted with caution. The case study demonstrates how the complex statistical problem of deriving the lengths of possibly used design-units in ancient architecture can be approached; metrological analyses can only gain from employing appropriate quantitative methods.

Danebury and the Heuneburg: Creating Communities in Early Iron Age Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Davis
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The Social ◽  
Significant Divergence ◽  
Western Germany ◽  
Temperate Europe ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Age Studies

The Iron Age in temperate Europe is characterized by the emergence of hillforts. While such sites can be highly variable, they also share many characteristics, implying cultural linkages across a wide geographical area. Yet, the interpretation of hillforts has increasingly seen significant divergence in theoretical approaches in different European countries. In particular, Iron Age studies in Britain have progressively distanced themselves from those pursued in continental Europe. This article attempts to address this issue by analysing the evidence from two of the best-known hillforts in Europe: Danebury in Wessex, southern England, and the Heuneburg in Baden-Württemberg, south-western Germany. The article highlights a number of key similarities and differences in the occupational sequences of these sites. While the differences indicate that the hillforts are the creation of very different Iron Age societies, the synergies are argued to be a consequence of communities evincing similar responses to similar problems, particularly those resulting from the social tensions that develop when transforming previously dispersed rural societies into increasingly centralized forms.

From Bronze Age to Iron Age: Middle Europe, Italy, and the North and West

1948 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 196-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. C. Hawkes
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Near East ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
The North ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Middle Europe ◽  
Temperate Europe ◽  
The Alps

This paper is intended as a sequel, reaching into the Early Iron Age, to the preceding one by Professor Childe on ‘The Final Bronze Age in the Near East and in Temperate Europe.’ When he and I were invited to prepare these papers first, as addresses to the Prehistoric Society's Conference in London in April 1948, we purposely agreed to do most of our work on them separately, he approaching the problem of the European Bronze—Iron Age transition from its Bronze Age end, and I from its Iron Age end. But now, through his kindness, I am writing with his paper in its final form before me; and I want therefore to begin by considering what he has written, in order to fit my contribution squarely into his. I shall then turn to Italy, and to its relations with Europe beyond the Alps and with Greece and the Orient, and so approach the Hallstatt question and the Final Bronze Ages of the North and West, upon which the Iron Age, in due time, supervened. I am most grateful to Childe for his approval to this course; and his paper is truly so important, that I cannot but make it the starting-point for mine.

Archaeological Investigations at Mavis Grind, Shetland

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Cracknell ◽  
Beverley Smith
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Field System ◽  
M 10 ◽  
Settlement Site

Summary The excavations revealed a stone house and showed that it was oval, 13 m × 10 m, with an interior about 7 m in diameter. In the first occupation phase the entrance was on the SE side. During the second phase this entrance was replaced with one to the NE and the interior was partitioned. The roof was supported on wooden posts. After the building was abandoned it was covered with peat-ash which was subsequently ploughed. There were numerous finds of steatite-tempered pottery and stone implements, which dated the site to late Bronze/early Iron Age. The second settlement, Site B, lay by the shore of the voe and consisted of two possible stone-built houses and a field system. Two trenches were dug across the structures and the results are reported in Appendix I. Although damaged in recent years it was in no further danger.

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