An Old World View of New World Prehistory

1961 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Bushnell
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
New World ◽  
World View ◽  
World Cotton ◽  
Old World ◽  
American Archaeology ◽  
Projectile Points ◽  
Formative Stage ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractA review of problems in American archaeology is organized around the Lithic, Archaic, Formative, Classic, and Postclassic stages of Willey and Phillips. Among the problems raised and discussed are: the inadequacy of the Early Lithic or generalized gathering tool stage, the need for a better definition of the Archaic concept, the difficulty in extending the Archaic stage into South America, the dating and interpretation of the Peruvian Preceramic period, the origin of New World cotton, the possibility of trans-Pacific contacts and the feasibility of ocean travel, the Mesoamerican origin of the Formative stage, the dating of Valdivia culture and the Formative in general in South America, the relationship between Chavin and the comparable cultures in south coastal Peru, the inappropriateness of identifying most of the Mesoamerican centers as cities, the Aztec state as an empire, and the Classic stage as essentially urban, and the possibility of yet finding a Siberian origin for the pressure-flaked bifacial projectile points of the paleo-Indians.

Interaction between Chrysomya rufifacies and Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae): the possible consequences of an invasion

1992 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D. Wells ◽  
Bernard Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
New World ◽  
Chrysomya Rufifacies ◽  
Old World ◽  
Blow Flies ◽  
Chrysomya Albiceps ◽  
Cochliomyia Macellaria

AbstractFour Old World blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann), C. putoria Wiedemann, C. megacephala (Fabricius), and C. rufifacies (Macquart), have recently invaded the New World. The interaction of Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) with native carrion flies in Texas, USA, was investigated by reducing oviposition by the invader on rabbit carcasses outdoors. These carcasses produced significantly more Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius) adults compared to carcasses on which the invader was not reduced. The results suggest that C. macellaria populations will decline where the two species co-occur. They also support the hypothesis that the carrion community is saturated with species, and provide a mechanism for the possible elimination of Lucilia caesar (Linnaeus) in Madeira and the reduction of C. macellaria in South America by Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann).

scholarly journals ДУША КОЩЕЯ. ВРЕМЯ И ПОСЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬНОСТЬ РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ ФОЛЬКЛОРНЫХ МОТИВОВ, ОБЪЯСНЯЮЩИХ НЕУЯЗВИМОСТЬ ПЕРСОНАЖА

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Berezkin
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
New World ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Oral Traditions ◽  
Bering Strait ◽  
Old World ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Inner Organs ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Фольклорные мотивы «внешней души» (персонаж умирает, когда уничтожены какой-то предмет или существо) и «ахиллесовой пяты» (уязвимое место персонажа находится на его теле, а не во внутренних органах) используются для объяснения смертности/бессмертия персонажа. Как и 2700 других, мировое распределение которых отражено в нашей электронной базе данных, эти мотивы являются не порождением универсального «первобытного сознания», а продуктом конкретных исторических процессов и обстоятельств. Цель статьи – определить эпоху и регион их первоначального распространения. Для этого сопоставлены материалы по Новому и Старому Свету. В Центральной и Южной Африке, в Австралии и Меланезии данные мотивы редки или вовсе отсутствуют, поэтому их появление уже в эпоху выхода-из-Африки невероятно. «Ахиллесова пята» обычна в текстах северо- и южноамериканских индейцев, включая огнеземельцев, тогда как ее евразийский ареал сильно разрежен. «Внешняя душа» популярна в пределах большей части Евразии, но в Америке встречается только к северу от Рио-Гранде. В последние тысячелетия на территории Старого Света мотив «ахиллесовой пяты» был, по-видимому, в основном вытеснен мотивом «внешней души», а в Америке сохранился благодаря ее изоляции от Евразии. Оба мотива были принесены в Новый Свет на ранних этапах его заселения. Их почти полное отсутствие в северо-восточной Азии и на северо-западе Северной Америки исключает позднюю диффузию через Берингов пролив. Соответственно возраст данных мотивов в Евразии должен превышать 15 тыс. лет, причем «ахиллесова пята», вероятно, древнее. Отсутствие или редкость этих мотивов в фольклоре народов северо-востока Сибири, где они должны были быть известны накануне их переноса в Новый Свет, согласуется с данными о значительных изменениях в генофонде населения Сибири в течение голоцена. Усложненный вариант «внешней души» с последовательным вложением животных и предметов, являющихся ее вместилищами, в Америке отсутствует. Он распространился лишь после античной эпохи в контексте волшебной сказки.The “external soul” (person dies when some object or creature is destroyed) and the “Achilles heel” (The only vulnerable spot is near the surface of person’s body and not in his inner organs) are folklore motifs used to explain why a particular person cannot be killed or how he can be killed. As other 2700 motifs which global distribution is demonstrated in our database, the “external soul” and the “Achilles heel” are a product not of the universal “primitive mind” but of particular historical processes and circumstances and we try to reveal the age and region of their initial spread. In Central and South Africa, Australia and Melanesia both motifs are rare or totally absent. This makes improbable their origin in the Out-of-Africa time. The “Achilles heel” is often found in North and South America but its Eurasian area is sporadic. On the contrary, the “external soul” is very popular across most of Eurasia but in the New World it, is found only in North but not in South America. It looks plausible that in the Old World the motif of “Achilles heel” was mostly ousted by the “external soul” being preserved in the New World thanks to its isolation from Eurasia. The lack or rarity of these motifs in the Northeast Asia and in Alaska and American Arctic excludes, possibility of their late diffusion across Bering Strait. Because both motifs were brought to America by the early migrants, their age in Eurasia must exceed 15,000 years, the “Achilles heel” being probably older. At the time of the peopling of America, both motifs had to be well known to the oral traditions of the Northeast Asia. Their rarity or absence there in historic time is in conformity with significant differences between genetic samples of Early and Late Holocene populations of Siberia. The complicated version of the “external soul” according to which a life essence is hidden in a series of objects and beings, one inside the other, is absent in America. Such a variant probably spread across the Old World after the end of antiquity being used in fairytales.

scholarly journals The Totalitarian Creation in its Claim of Genius

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-139
Author(s):  
Zinaida Bolea
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Human History ◽  
Creation Process ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

Abstract Creation is a fundamental definition of genius, and we are wondering if those minds that created totalitarian systems, could remain in human history through destructive impact on millions of people’s minds, and could they possibly be included in genius category. Certainly, we could support the idea of the participation of these people in the creation process – in the creation of ideology of a new world, of a new Human etc. At the same time, the Real Human is perceived only as an object that can be manipulated, overwhelmed, dominated, controlled, destroyed etc., “love” and “investment” of the evil genius being dedicated to a non-existent Ideal Human. We are trying to understand what are the pillars of the relationship with the Others, and the dictators’ great seduction capacity. In the condition of the incapacity and inability of these personalities to appreciate humanity, most of them were able to provoke admiration. In the context of these paradoxical relations, becomes noticeable the responsibility of understanding the way perverse mind speaks with our minds in a way that we became available consciously or unconsciously to join in this destructive creation.

Early Human Civilizations and River Deltas

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Bianchi
Keyword(s):  
Human Populations ◽  
Old World ◽  
Food Transport ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Early Human

For millennia, humans have been dependent upon rivers and their resources for food, transport, and irrigation, and by mid-Holocene times (about 5,000 years ago), humans harnessed hydraulic power that in part contributed to the rise of civilization. It is generally accepted that the earliest civilizations to develop such linkages with irrigation and cultivation of crops arose in the Old World, in Mesopotamia and the Levant, the Indus Valley, and the Central Kingdom, associated with, respectively, the Tigris, Jordan, Euphrates, and Nile; the Indus; and the Huang He (Yellow) and Changjiang (Yangtze) rivers—and, of course, their associated deltas. In this chapter, I examine the role of selected coastal deltas that were important in the development of these early Old World civiliza­tions, and how those people began to alter the shape and character of the highly productive and constantly changing deltaic environments. Before we begin, how­ever, I need to provide some basic definitions. First, I use the definition of civilization provided by Hassan, “a phenome­non of large societies with highly differentiated sectors of activities interrelated in a complex network of exchanges and obligations.” Second, I use the defini­tion of delta presented by Overeem, Syvitski, and Hutton, “a discrete shoreline protuberance formed where a river enters an ocean or lake, … a broadly lobate shape in plain view narrowing in the direction of the feeding river, and a sig­nificant proportion of the deposit … derived from the river”. Although I will at times discuss linkages between development of human settlements and river reaches upstream from the coastal delta, my primary focus in this chapter is on coastal deltaic regions, in particular those of the Nile, Indus, Yellow, and Yangtze rivers, which provide the best examples for link­ages between relatively recent early human populations and coastal deltas. I will address other deltas later in the book. My rationale for beginning this book with a discussion of the relationship between Old World civilizations and deltas is that this long- term interaction has been so dramatically altered over the past few millennia— essentially, it is a good relationship “gone bad.”

The End of the Old World

1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 791-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Nader
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
World Wide ◽  
New World ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Research Publication ◽  
Old World ◽  
The Past ◽  
World Geography ◽  
The Impact

We are now, in 1992, searching to find the meaning of an event 500 years distant in time. For us as Americans the importance of the Columbian voyages is obvious. In the past ten years the great wealth of research, publication, and debate on ancient American cultures has made the impact on the Americas abundantly clear.For Europe the impact is much less clear. We say that the old world ended almost immediately, that a new world came into being when Europe ended its isolation from America. By this we mean that European perceptions of world geography began to change as early as 1498 —not just dotting the map of the Ocean Sea with more islands, but perceiving that South America was a continent whose existence was never imagined by the ancients. We also mean that the natural world began changing from the old world of two separate ecologies into a new world-wide environment.

Evolution and Circumscription of the True Cypresses (Cupressaceae: Cupressus)

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damon P. Little
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Molecular Sequence Data ◽  
World Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
Molecular Sequence ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Intron 2

Recent phylogenetic investigations of Cupressoideae have found evidence to suggest that Cupressus is not monophyletic. This study tested the division of Cupressus into an Old World clade and a New World clade with complete sampling of the 28 extant species. Data from anatomy, biochemistry, micromorphology, reproductive development, reproductive morphology, and vegetative morphology were combined with molecular sequence data (matK, NEEDLY intron 2, nrITS, rbcL, and trnL) to produce the most complete hypothesis of evolutionary relationships within Cupressoideae to date. Callitropsis, Cupressus, and Juniperus formed a well–supported monophyletic group (100%). Within this clade, the only demonstrably monophyletic genus was Juniperus (100%). Monophyly of the 12 Old World species of Cupressus was well supported (100%). Old World species of Cupressus were sister to Juniperus (99%). Callitropsis and the 16 New World species of Cupressus were resolved as the sister group to the Old World Cupressus plus Juniperus clade (100%), rendering Cupressus polyphyletic. The relationship between Callitropsis and the New World species of Cupressus was not resolved. Based on the results of the combined analysis, generic circumscriptions were modified: Cupressus was restricted exclusively to Old World species and Callitropsis was expanded to include the New World species previously classified as Cupressus (seventeen new combinations in Callitropsis were made).

Geographic spread of Strumigenys silvestrii (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dacetini)

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe A. MacGown ◽  
James K. Wetterer ◽  
JoVonn G. Hill
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Native Species ◽  
New World ◽  
The West ◽  
Old World ◽  
Mainland Portugal ◽  
Southern Us ◽  
Geographic Spread ◽  
Undisturbed Forest

Strumigenys silvestriiis a tiny dacetine ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dacetini), apparently from South America, that has spread to the southern US and the West Indies.Strumigenys silvestriihas recently been found for the first time in the Old World, from the island of Madeira, mainland Portugal, and Macau. Here, we document new distributional records and the geographic spread ofS. silvestrii. We compiled and mapped 67 site records ofS. silvestrii. We documented the earliest knownS. silvestriirecords for 20 geographic areas (countries, major islands, and US states), including four areas for which we found no previously published records: Georgia (US), Grenada, Nevis, and St. Vincent.Strumigenys silvestriiis the only New World dacetine ant that has been recorded in the Old World. The distribution of its closest relatives and of knownS. silvestriispecimen records supports the hypothesis thatS. silvestriiis native to South America. Throughout its New World range (South America, the West Indies, and the southern US), manyS. silvestriirecords are from undisturbed forest habitats (usually indicative of a native species), but are very recent (usually indicative of a newly arrived exotic species).

Partnership and Profit in the Early Andean Trade: The Experiences of Quito Merchants, 1580–1610

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Super
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
South America ◽  
New World ◽  
Old World ◽  
The Andes ◽  
International Trading ◽  
World Economic

Quito was an international trading city in the late sixteenth century. It was one of several commercial centers strung along the Andes that aided in the adaptation of Old World economic techniques to New World resources. By the 1580s, agricultural and manufacturing surpluses had helped Quito emerge as a dominant trading center in western South America, second only to Lima and Potosí.

The Relationships of the Starlings (Sturnidae: Sturnini) and the Mockingbirds (Sturnidae: Mimini)

The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles G. Sibley ◽  
Jon E. Ahlquist
Keyword(s):  
Dna Hybridization ◽  
New World ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Late Oligocene ◽  
Hybridization Study ◽  
Old World ◽  
Hybridization Data ◽  
Successful Search ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Old World starlings have been thought to be related to crows and their allies, to weaverbirds, or to New World troupials. New World mockingbirds and thrashers have usually been placed near the thrushes and/or wrens. DNA-DNA hybridization data indicated that starlings and mockingbirds are more closely related to each other than either is to any other living taxon. Some avian systematists doubted this conclusion. Therefore, a more extensive DNA hybridization study was conducted, and a successful search was made for other evidence of the relationship between starlings and mockingbirds. The results support our original conclusion that the two groups diverged from a common ancestor in the late Oligocene or early Miocene, about 23-28 million years ago, and that their relationship may be expressed in our passerine classification, based on DNA comparisons, by placing them as sister tribes in the Family Sturnidae, Superfamily Turdoidea, Parvorder Muscicapae, Suborder Passeres. Their next nearest relatives are the members of the Turdidae, including the typical thrushes, erithacine chats, and muscicapine flycatchers.

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