Community Settlement Patterns at Chan Chan, Peru

1970 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael West
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Settlement Pattern ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Activities ◽  
Present Survey ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
Surface Survey ◽  
The Many

AbstractA recent surface survey was conducted at the site of Chan Chan, Peru, for purposes of investigating the nature of community settlement patterns. Previous writers have tended to view these in terms of the speculated sociological implications of specific largescale architectural features known as ciudadelas. In doing so they have neglected an extremely important body of information regarding the many small and inconspicuous building units that are closely associated with the ciudadelas. The present survey concentrated on the smaller complexes and provided data that were relevant to studying aspects of community settlement patterning such as house types, distribution of public buildings, street layouts, distribution of population types, population size and density. The results indicate that the range of social activities that were engaged in at Chan Chan during its flourish cannot possibly be understood in terms of the implications of large-scale architecture. It is suggested here that the overall community settlement pattern of Chan Chan is coincidental to the configuration described by Sjoberg (1965) for the typical preindustrial city. The hypotheses and suggestions generated by this study provide a base or foundation for future research at the site.

Megastructures. What is really the point?

TERRITORIO ◽  
2009 ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Alvaro Domingues
Keyword(s):  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Settlement Pattern ◽  
Shopping Malls ◽  
Transport Networks ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Rural Roads ◽  
Urban Agglomerations ◽  
Industrial Estates ◽  
Local Transport

- The article explores megastructures in relation to their impact on local transport networks and nodes. The area examined is Portugal, where the recent construction of giant shopping malls, industrial estates and logistics centres has in turn led to large-scale infrastructures that have been superimposed on a settlement pattern consisting, in many cases, of urban agglomerations serviced by rural roads. The resulting landscape reveals a juxtaposition of completely different elements in terms of both scale and impact, often the outcome of urban zoning projects intruding on fragmented urbanisation. The resulting image is one of scattered settlement patterns. Behind these phenomena one can see the effects of splintering urbanism. The difficulty in coordinating, in time and space, the decisions made and actions taken by a wide variety of individuals and institutions is becoming increasingly more complex.

scholarly journals How Maya Archaeologists Discovered the 99% Through the Study of Settlement Patterns

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy A. Sabloff
Keyword(s):  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Settlement Pattern ◽  
Ancient Maya ◽  
Single Group ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Maya Archaeology ◽  
Maya Civilization ◽  
The Many

This article presents an autobiographical perspective on the changing nature of Maya archaeology, focusing on the role of settlement pattern studies in illuminating the lives of commoners as well as on the traditional emphasis on the ruling elite. Advances in understanding the nature of nonelite peoples in ancient Maya society are discussed, as are the many current gaps in scholarly understandings of pre-Columbian Maya civilization, especially with regard to the diversity of ancient “commoners” and the difficulty in analyzing them as a single group.

Inside and Outside of Hillforts

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Harding
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Implicit Assumption ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Surface Survey ◽  
The 1960S

By the 1960s, a greater interest in the social and economic role of hillforts demanded more extensive excavation of their interiors. Whilst fieldwork was still dependent on volunteer labour and limited research funds, the expense of large-scale stripping by hand would have been prohibitive, and only with public funding of ‘rescue’ or ‘salvage’ excavation in advance of development was it practical to contemplate large-scale area excavation. Hillforts that were extensively excavated included Balksbury (Wainwright 1969; Wainwright and Davies 1995; Ellis and Rawlings 2001) and Winklebury (Smith 1977; Robertson-Mackay 1977; Fisher 1985) in Hampshire. Whilst large-scale examination of hillfort interiors is plainly essential to an understanding of their economic and social functions, there is a high probability that ephemeral features, the foundations of which did not penetrate into subsoil or bedrock, will be destroyed by mechanical stripping, if they have not already been damaged beyond retrieval by ploughing. So the question remains: how partial and therefore potentially misleading are the surviving plans of hillfort interiors thus exposed? Hillfort exteriors, arguably equally important to an understanding of the role of the enclosure as its interior, have been even more neglected, first because of an implicit assumption that the earthworks defined the area of the ‘site’, and second, because the logistical problems of excavating outside the limits of the ramparts increased exponentially with distance from the enclosure. The possibility, indeed probability, of activity contemporary with the occupation of the hillfort having extended beyond the limits of the rampart need not necessarily imply a social division between acropolis and polis on the eastern Mediterranean model. It simply requires a redefinition of the concept of what constituted the ‘site’ in which the enclosure earthworks are not the definitive criterion. The issue was identified more than thirty years ago (Harding 1979; Hingley 1980), and excavation and survey at Battlesbury Camp, Wiltshire (Ellis and Powell 2008) and Castle Hill, Little Wittenham (Allen et al. 2011), has shown its importance for future research. There are three principal, non-intrusive ways of investigating hillfort interiors and immediate exteriors. The first is by surface survey, not in itself as simple as may appear at first sight, since detecting and meaningfully depicting the highly fugitive traces of prehistoric occupation requires an experienced eye, sensitive to the residual surface signs of constructional activity.

Cryptic species in plant-parasitic nematodes

Nematology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1105-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan E. Palomares-Rius ◽  
Carolina Cantalapiedra-Navarrete ◽  
Pablo Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
The Many ◽  
Diverse Groups ◽  
Plant Parasitic

This paper summarises the current knowledge concerning cryptic species of plant-parasitic nematode and briefly reviews the different methods available for their detection and characterisation. Cryptic species represent an important component of biodiversity, such speciation being common among plant-parasitic nematodes and occurring in diverse groups with different life history traits, including the spiral, virus vector, root-lesion and false root-knot nematodes. Cryptic species are important for a number of reasons, including food security, quarantine, non-chemical management technologies and species conservation, and should not be ignored. The magnitude of the phenomenon is largely unknown, but the available data on plant-parasitic nematodes demonstrate that reliance on morphology alone for species delimitation seriously underestimates the total number of taxa. Future research should focus on appropriately designed case studies using combined approaches, including large-scale, whole sample analyses by next-generation sequencing or proteomics in order to be able to answer the many questions that still remain.

Larinum and Its Hinterland

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-110
Author(s):  
Elizabeth C. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Road Networks ◽  
Settlement Pattern ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Regional Studies ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
History Of

This chapter investigates settlement pattern research in the territory of Larinum. After a brief discussion of the history of research, it summarizes the settlement pattern narrative of the Biferno Valley Survey and the importance of this narrative in the history of studies in this area. It also discusses the Forma Italiae survey conducted here. Next, it presents a new study of the territory surrounding Larinum that consists of a revisiting of the villa sites and a reclassification of the farmsteads. It discusses the methodology and definitions used, as well as the results and directions for future research. It also addresses evidence in the landscape for travel, trade and road networks, including some of the routes mentioned in the literary sources and the ancient itineraries. It presents a revised narrative of the settlement patterns for the territory of Larinum that stresses continuity in the landscape throughout the period of Roman conquest. It ends by bringing in a discussion of the results of other regional studies conducted in central and southern Italy that are relevant to the conclusions reached here.

scholarly journals Scoring divergent thinking tests by computer with a semantics-based algorithm

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenes Beketayev ◽  
Mark A. Runco
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Semantic Networks ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Scoring Methods ◽  
Conceptual Structures ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Many ◽  
Time Required

Divergent thinking (DT) tests are useful for the assessment of creative potentials. This article reports the semantics-based algorithmic (SBA) method for assessing DT. This algorithm is fully automated: Examinees receive DT questions on a computer or mobile device and their ideas are immediately compared with norms and semantic networks. This investigation compared the scores generated by the SBA method with the traditional methods of scoring DT (i.e., fluency, originality, and flexibility). Data were collected from 250 examinees using the “Many Uses Test” of DT. The most important finding involved the flexibility scores from both scoring methods. This was critical because semantic networks are based on conceptual structures, and thus a high SBA score should be highly correlated with the traditional flexibility score from DT tests. Results confirmed this correlation (r = .74). This supports the use of algorithmic scoring of DT. The nearly-immediate computation time required by SBA method may make it the method of choice, especially when it comes to moderate- and large-scale DT assessment investigations. Correlations between SBA scores and GPA were insignificant, providing evidence of the discriminant and construct validity of SBA scores. Limitations of the present study and directions for future research are offered.

scholarly journals From Dark to Light: The Many Shades of Sharing Misinformation Online

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam J. Metzger ◽  
Andrew J. Flanagin ◽  
Paul Mena ◽  
Shan Jiang ◽  
Christo Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Online Networks ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The Many

Research typically presumes that people believe misinformation and propagate it through their social networks. Yet, a wide range of motivations for sharing misinformation might impact its spread, as well as people’s belief of it. By examining research on motivations for sharing news information generally, and misinformation specifically, we derive a range of motivations that broaden current understandings of the sharing of misinformation to include factors that may to some extent mitigate the presumed dangers of misinformation for society. To illustrate the utility of our viewpoint we report data from a preliminary study of people’s dis/belief reactions to misinformation shared on social media using natural language processing. Analyses of over 2,5 million comments demonstrate that misinformation on social media is often disbelieved. These insights are leveraged to propose directions for future research that incorporate a more inclusive understanding of the various motivations and strategies for sharing misinformation socially in large-scale online networks.

Change of Attitude, Technology and Practice: Identifying the Change for Increased Value Creation with Customer Co-creation

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-82
Author(s):  
Soumi Paul ◽  
Paola Peretti ◽  
Saroj Kumar Datta
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
New Product Development ◽  
Value Creation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Customer Orientation ◽  
Customer Relationships ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Management Competencies ◽  
Business Decisions ◽  
Prime Concern

Building customer relationships and customer equity is the prime concern in today’s business decisions. The emergence of internet, especially social media like Facebook and Twitter, changed traditional marketing thought to a great extent. The importance of customer orientation is reflected in the axiom, “The customer is the king”. A good number of organizations are engaging customers in their new product development activities via social media platforms. Co-creation, a new perspective in which customers are active co-creators of the products they buy and use, is currently challenging the traditional paradigm. The concept of co-creation involving the customer’s knowledge, creativity and judgment to generate value is considered not only an upcoming trend that introduces new products or services but also fitting their need and increasing value for money. Knowledge and innovation are inseparable. Knowledge management competencies and capacities are essential to any organization that aspires to be distinguished and innovative. The present work is an attempt to identify the change in value creation procedure along with one area of business, where co-creation can return significant dividends. It is on extending the brand or brand category through brand extension or line extension. This article, through an in depth literature review analysis, identifies the changes in every perspective of this paradigm shift and it presents a conceptual model of company-customer-brand-based co-creation activity via social media. The main objective is offering an agenda for future research of this emerging trend and ensuring the way to move from theory to practice. The paper acts as a proposal; it allows the organization to go for this change in a large scale and obtain early feedback on the idea presented. 

Integration of Ecological and Engineering Aspects in Planning Large Scale Tidal Power Development in the Bay of Fundy, Canada

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 281-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald C Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Feasibility Studies ◽  
Bay Of Fundy ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Power Development ◽  
Tidal Power ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientists And Engineers ◽  
The Many ◽  
University Scientists

Large-scale tidal power development in the Bay of Fundy has been given serious consideration for over 60 years. There has been a long history of productive interaction between environmental scientists and engineers durinn the many feasibility studies undertaken. Up until recently, tidal power proposals were dropped on economic grounds. However, large-scale development in the upper reaches of the Bay of Fundy now appears to be economically viable and a pre-commitment design program is highly likely in the near future. A large number of basic scientific research studies have been and are being conducted by government and university scientists. Likely environmental impacts have been examined by scientists and engineers together in a preliminary fashion on several occasions. A full environmental assessment will be conducted before a final decision is made and the results will definately influence the outcome.

Overview of Subsynchronous Oscillation in Grid-connected Wind Farm

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 969-979
Author(s):  
Xu Pei-Zhen ◽  
Lu Yong-Geng ◽  
Cao Xi-Min
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Induction Generator ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Subsynchronous Oscillation ◽  
Different Types

Background: Over the past few years, the subsynchronous oscillation (SSO) caused by the grid-connected wind farm had a bad influence on the stable operation of the system and has now become a bottleneck factor restricting the efficient utilization of wind power. How to mitigate and suppress the phenomenon of SSO of wind farms has become the focus of power system research. Methods: This paper first analyzes the SSO of different types of wind turbines, including squirrelcage induction generator based wind turbine (SCIG-WT), permanent magnet synchronous generator- based wind turbine (PMSG-WT), and doubly-fed induction generator based wind turbine (DFIG-WT). Then, the mechanisms of different types of SSO are proposed with the aim to better understand SSO in large-scale wind integrated power systems, and the main analytical methods suitable for studying the SSO of wind farms are summarized. Results: On the basis of results, using additional damping control suppression methods to solve SSO caused by the flexible power transmission devices and the wind turbine converter is recommended. Conclusion: The current development direction of the SSO of large-scale wind farm grid-connected systems is summarized and the current challenges and recommendations for future research and development are discussed.

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