A Conflict of Values in American Archaeology

1971 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F. King
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Interdisciplinary Team ◽  
The Self ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Regional Research ◽  
American Archaeology ◽  
Research Programs ◽  
The North ◽  
Strategic Conflict

AbstractAs contract salvage programs have come to support more and more archaeological fieldwork and analysis, and as archaeologists have become increasingly concerned with the relevance of their sub-discipline to the larger explanatory goals of anthropology, a strategic conflict has arisen that threatens to severely limit the potential of American archaeology for long-range explanatory research. It is contended that this conflict has arisen because salvage-support agencies have been led to organize their contract procedures along lines amenable to inductive, laissez-faire research. These procedures have become canonized while archaeology has begun to drift toward deductive, interdisciplinary team methods. Proposed salvage programs in the North Coast Ranges of California are used to illustrate the self-defeating nature of present procedures, and reorganization is suggested to permit increased theoretical input and the integration of salvage operations into large-scale regional research programs.

scholarly journals Lagrangian formation pathways of moist anomalies in the trade-wind region during the dry season: two case studies from EUREC<sup>4</sup>A

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonie Villiger ◽  
Heini Wernli ◽  
Maxi Boettcher ◽  
Martin Hagen ◽  
Franziska Aemisegger
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cold Front ◽  
Trade Wind ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
The North ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract. Shallow clouds in the trade-wind region over the North Atlantic contribute substantially to the global radiative budget. In the vicinity of the Caribbean island Barbados, they appear in different mesoscale organisation patterns with distinct net cloud radiative effects (CRE). Cloud formation processes in this region are typically controlled by the prevailing large-scale subsidence. However, occasionally weather systems from remote origin cause significant disturbances. This study investigates the complex cloud-circulation interactions during the field campaign EUREC4A (Elucidate the Couplings Between Clouds, Convection and Circulation) from 16 January to 20 February 2020, using a combination of Eulerian and Lagrangian diagnostics. Based on observations and ERA5 reanalyses, we identify the relevant processes and characterise the formation pathways of two moist anomalies above the Barbados Cloud Observatory (BCO), one in the lower (~1000–650 hPa) and one in the middle troposphere (~650–300 hPa). These moist anomalies are associated with strongly negative CRE values and with contrasting long-range transport processes from the extratropics and the tropics, respectively. The low-level moist anomaly is characterised by an unusually thick cloud layer, high precipitation totals and a strongly negative CRE. Its formation is connected to an “extratropical dry intrusion” (EDI) that interacts with a trailing cold front. A quasi-climatological (2010–2020) analysis reveals that EDIs lead to different conditions at the BCO depending on how they interact with the associated cold front. Based on this climatology, we discuss the relevance of the strong large-scale forcing by EDIs for the low-cloud patterns near the BCO and the related CRE. The second case study about the mid-tropospheric moist anomaly is associated with an extended and persistent mixed-phase shelf cloud and the lowest daily CRE value observed during the campaign. Its formation is linked to “tropical mid-level detrainment” (TMD), which refers to detrainment from tropical deep convection near the melting layer. The quasi-climatological analysis shows that TMDs consistently lead to mid-tropospheric moist anomalies over the BCO and that the detrainment height controls the magnitude of the anomaly. However, no systematic relationship was found between the amplitude of this mid-tropospheric moist anomaly and the CRE at the BCO. Overall, this study reveals the important impact of the long-range transport, driven by dynamical processes either in the extratropics or the tropics, on the variability of the vertical structure of moisture and clouds, and on the resulting CRE in the North Atlantic winter trades.

scholarly journals Rattan as a Craft Material of Community on the North Coast of Java (Rattan Craft Study in Teluk Wetan Jepara)

2019 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 09018
Author(s):  
Alamsyah
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Soft Skills ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Criticism And Interpretation ◽  
The North ◽  
Historical Methods

Rattan was the main raw material used in rattan craft in Teluk Wetan Jepara. This research uses historical methods namely heuristic, criticism, and interpretation. The results of this study show that the rattan could be made into various craft products such as parcel baskets, bags, chairs, tables, and etc. Rattan craft in Teluk Wetan involved local workers, craftsmen, and entrepreneurs. The products had been marketed on Java, out of Java island, Europe and America. The craft development was around 1972 and still developed rapidly to this day. Rattan craft was soft skills owned by Teluk Wetan community and had an impact on the local economy. The craft existence was supported by workers, craftsmen, and entrepreneurs, both who had small and large scale. The existence of workers, craftsmen, and entrepreneurs encouraged the craft to live and develop. The existence of rattan craft made the community’s economic life of Teluk Wetan became dynamic as well as made this region became a craft center that recognized locally, regionally and nationally.

The Management of Late Andean Irrigation Systems on the North Coast of Peru

1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia J. Netherly
Keyword(s):  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Canal System ◽  
Sociopolitical Organization ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
The North ◽  
Canal Maintenance ◽  
North Coast Of Peru ◽  
Political Groups

Documentary research combined with field study has made possible the reconstruction of the sociopolitical organization of the Late Prehispanic Chimu and Chimu-Inca polities of the North Coast of Peru. Many aspects of the management of the large-scale irrigation networks of the region are integrated into that organization. Rights to the water of a particular canal–and to the lands it watered–can be shown to have been vested in socio-political groups which occupied different hierarchical positions according the size of the canal. Maintenance, repair, and distribution of the water were carried out by these groups; there was no centralized state bureacracy to oversee hydraulic affairs. Understanding the organization of the canal system permits a series of hypotheses for the reconstruction of ancient territorial units and the organization of settlement patterns within them.

scholarly journals Features of the Tertiary volcanic rocks of the Niaqornat area, Nûgssuaq

1977 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 17-25
Author(s):  
G Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Regional Mapping ◽  
The North ◽  
Volcanic Sequence

During the summer of 1974 and in previous years the writer mapped parts of the volcanic sequence around Niaqornat on the north coast of Nûgssuaq. The results of the regional mapping by the writer and others have been published in the Agatdal map sheet (The Geological Survey of Greenland, 1974). Certain hitherto undescribed large-scale features of the vo1canic rocks are described here.

scholarly journals Size efficiency of sugarcane farms in KwaZulu-Natal

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mbowa ◽  
W. L. Nieuwoudt ◽  
P. M. Despins
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Returns To Scale ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The North ◽  
Economies Of Size ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Research Procedure ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
Constant Returns To Scale

The analysis is based on survey data collected from small and large sugarcane farms during 1995 in the North Coast region of KwaZulu-Natal. A non-parametric research procedure to analyse farm efficiency was employed. Results indicate that farms smaller than eight hectares exhibit substantial economies of size; such economies tend to decline with size of enterprise; and farms larger than 10 hectares appear to have near constant returns to scale. This implies that efficiency of very small scale sugarcane farms can be enhanced by land consolidation while giving small scale farmers larger than 10 hectares access to the large scale commercial sector, may not lead to a loss in efficiency. Results are relevant as South Africa is embarking on settling small scale farmers on former large scale commercial farm land.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of free tropospheric carbon monoxide to atmospheric weather states and their persistency: an observational assessment over the Nordic countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 11545-11555 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Thomas ◽  
A. Devasthale
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Observational Assessment ◽  
The North ◽  
Range Transport

Abstract. Among various factors that influence the long-range transport of pollutants in the free troposphere (FT), the prevailing atmospheric weather states probably play the most important role in governing characteristics and efficacy of such transport. The weather states, such as a particular wind pattern, cyclonic or anticyclonic conditions, and their degree of persistency determine the spatio-temporal distribution and the final fate of the pollutants. This is especially true in the case of Nordic countries, where baroclinic disturbances and associated weather fronts primarily regulate local meteorology, in contrast to the lower latitudes where a convective paradigm plays a similarly important role. Furthermore, the long-range transport of pollutants in the FT has significant contribution to the total column burden over the Nordic countries. However, there is insufficient knowledge on the large-scale co-variability of pollutants in the FT and atmospheric weather states based solely on observational data over this region. The present study attempts to quantify and understand this statistical co-variability while providing relevant meteorological background. To that end, we select eight weather states that predominantly occur over the Nordic countries and three periods of their persistency (3 days, 5 days, and 7 days), thus providing in total 24 cases to investigate sensitivity of free tropospheric carbon monoxide, an ideal tracer for studying pollutant transport, to these selected weather states. The eight states include four dominant wind directions (namely, NW, NE, SE and SW), cyclonic and anticyclonic conditions, and the enhanced positive and negative phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). For our sensitivity analysis, we use recently released Version 6 retrievals of CO at 500 hPa from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard Aqua satellite covering the 11-year period from September 2002 through August 2013 and winds from the ECMWF's ERA-Interim project to classify weather states for the same 11-year period. We show that, among the various weather states studied here, southeasterly winds lead to highest observed CO anomalies (up to +8%) over the Nordic countries while transporting pollution from the central and eastern parts of Europe. The second (up to +4%) and third highest (up to +2.5%) CO anomalies are observed when winds are northwesterly (facilitating inter-continental transport from polluted North American regions) and during the enhanced positive phase of the NAO respectively. Higher than normal CO anomalies are observed during anticyclonic conditions (up to +1%) compared to cyclonic conditions. The cleanest conditions are observed when winds are northeasterly and during the enhanced negative phases of the NAO, when relatively clean Arctic air masses are transported over the Nordic regions in the both cases. In the case of nearly all weather states, the CO anomalies consistently continue to increase or decrease as the degree of persistency of a weather state is increased. The results of this sensitivity study further provide an observational basis for the process-oriented evaluation of chemistry transport models, especially with regard to the representation of large-scale coupling of chemistry and local weather states and its role in the long-range transport of pollutants in such models.

scholarly journals A Large-Scale Deep-Learning Approach for Multi-Temporal Aqua and Salt-Culture Mapping

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1415
Author(s):  
Cesar Diniz ◽  
Luiz Cortinhas ◽  
Maria Luize Pinheiro ◽  
Luís Sadeck ◽  
Alexandre Fernandes Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Semantic Segmentation ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The North ◽  
Coastal Aquaculture ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
Culture Surface ◽  
Area Expansion

Aquaculture and salt-culture are relevant economic activities in the Brazilian Coastal Zone (BCZ). However, automatic discrimination of such activities from other water-related covers/uses is not an easy task. In this sense, convolutional neural networks (CNN) have the advantage of predicting a given pixel’s class label by providing as input a local region (named patches or chips) around that pixel. Both the convolutional nature and the semantic segmentation capability provide the U-Net classifier with the ability to access the “context domain” instead of solely isolated pixel values. Backed by the context domain, the results obtained show that the BCZ aquaculture/saline ponds occupied ~356 km2 in 1985 and ~544 km2 in 2019, reflecting an area expansion of ~51%, a rise of 1.5× in 34 years. From 1997 to 2015, the aqua-salt-culture area grew by a factor of ~1.7, jumping from 349 km2 to 583 km2, a 67% increase. In 2019, the Northeast sector concentrated 93% of the coastal aquaculture/salt-culture surface, while the Southeast and South sectors contained 6% and 1%, respectively. Interestingly, despite presenting extensive coastal zones and suitable conditions for developing different aqua-salt-culture products, the North coast shows no relevant aqua or salt-culture infrastructure sign.

scholarly journals Large-scale movements of common bottlenose dolphins in the Atlantic: dolphins with an international courtyard

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11069
Author(s):  
Ana Dinis ◽  
Carlota Molina ◽  
Marta Tobeña ◽  
Annalisa Sambolino ◽  
Karin Hartman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Photo Identification ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Madeira Archipelago ◽  
Oceanic Archipelagos

Wide-ranging connectivity patterns of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are generally poorly known worldwide and more so within the oceanic archipelagos of Macaronesia in the North East (NE) Atlantic. This study aimed to identify long-range movements between the archipelagos of Macaronesia that lie between 500 and 1,500 km apart, and between Madeira archipelago and the Portuguese continental shelf, through the compilation and comparison of bottlenose dolphin’s photo-identification catalogues from different regions: one from Madeira (n = 363 individuals), two from different areas in the Azores (n = 495 and 176), and four from different islands of the Canary Islands (n = 182, 110, 142 and 281), summing up 1791 photographs. An additional comparison was made between the Madeira catalogue and one catalogue from Sagres, on the southwest tip of the Iberian Peninsula (n = 359). Results showed 26 individual matches, mostly between Madeira and the Canary Islands (n = 23), and between Azores and Madeira (n = 3). No matches were found between the Canary Islands and the Azores, nor between Madeira and Sagres. There were no individuals identified in all three archipelagos. The minimum time recorded between sightings in two different archipelagos (≈ 460 km apart) was 62 days. Association patterns revealed that the individuals moving between archipelagos were connected to resident, migrant and transient individuals in Madeira. The higher number of individuals that were re-sighted between Madeira and the Canary Islands can be explained by the relative proximity of these two archipelagos. This study shows the first inter-archipelago movements of bottlenose dolphins in the Macaronesia region, emphasizing the high mobility of this species and supporting the high gene flow described for oceanic dolphins inhabiting the North Atlantic. The dynamics of these long-range movements strongly denotes the need to review marine protected areas established for this species in each archipelago, calling for joint resolutions from three autonomous regions belonging to two EU countries.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of free tropospheric carbon monoxide to atmospheric weather states and their persistency: an observational assessment over the Nordic countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 9249-9274
Author(s):  
M. A. Thomas ◽  
A. Devasthale
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Observational Assessment ◽  
The North ◽  
Range Transport

Abstract. Among various factors that influence the long-range transport of pollutants in the free troposphere (FT), the prevailing atmospheric weather states probably play the most important role in governing characteristics and efficacy of such transport. The weather states, such as a particular wind pattern, cyclonic or anticyclonic conditions etc, and their degree of persistency determine the spatio-temporal distribution and the final fate of the pollutants. This is especially true in the case of Nordic countries, where baroclinic disturbances and associated weather fronts primarily regulate local meteorology, in contrast to the lower latitudes where convective paradigm plays similar important role. Furthermore, the long-range transport of pollutants in the FT has significant contribution to the total column burden over the Nordic countries. However, there is insufficient knowledge on the large-scale co-variability of pollutants in the FT and atmospheric weather states based solely on observational data over this region. The present study attempts to quantify and understand this statistical co-variability while providing relevant meteorological background. To that end, we select eight weather states that predominantly occur over the Nordic countries and three periods of their persistency (3 days, 5 days, and 7 days), thus providing in total 24 cases to investigate sensitivity of free tropospheric carbon monoxide, an ideal tracer for studying pollutant transport, to these selected weather states. The eight states include four dominant wind directions (namely, NW, NE, SE and SW), cyclonic and anticyclonic conditions, and the enhanced positive and negative phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). For our sensitivity analysis, we use recently released Version 6 retrievals of CO at 500 hPa from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard Aqua satellite covering 11 yr period from September 2002 through August 2013 and winds from the ECMWF's ERA-Interim project to classify weather states for the same 11 yr period. We show that, among the various weather states studied here, southeasterly winds lead to highest observed CO anomalies (up to +8%) over the Nordic countries while transporting pollution from the central and eastern parts of Europe. The second (up to +4%) and third highest (up to +2.5%) CO anomalies are observed when winds are northwesterly (facilitating inter-continental transport from polluted North American regions) and during the enhanced positive phase of the NAO respectively. Higher than normal CO anomalies are observed during anticyclonic conditions (up to +1%) compared to cyclonic conditions. The cleanest conditions are observed when winds are northeasterly and during the enhanced negative phases of the NAO, when relatively clean Arctic air masses are transported over the Nordic regions in the both cases. In case of nearly all weather states, the CO anomalies consistently continue to increase or decrease as the degree of persistency of a weather state is increased. The results of this sensitivity study further provide an observational basis for the process-oriented evaluation of chemistry transport models, especially with regard to the representation of large-scale coupling of chemistry and local weather states and its role in the long-range transport of pollutants in such models.

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