scholarly journals Large-scale movements of common bottlenose dolphins in the Atlantic: dolphins with an international courtyard

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11069
Author(s):  
Ana Dinis ◽  
Carlota Molina ◽  
Marta Tobeña ◽  
Annalisa Sambolino ◽  
Karin Hartman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Photo Identification ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Madeira Archipelago ◽  
Oceanic Archipelagos

Wide-ranging connectivity patterns of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are generally poorly known worldwide and more so within the oceanic archipelagos of Macaronesia in the North East (NE) Atlantic. This study aimed to identify long-range movements between the archipelagos of Macaronesia that lie between 500 and 1,500 km apart, and between Madeira archipelago and the Portuguese continental shelf, through the compilation and comparison of bottlenose dolphin’s photo-identification catalogues from different regions: one from Madeira (n = 363 individuals), two from different areas in the Azores (n = 495 and 176), and four from different islands of the Canary Islands (n = 182, 110, 142 and 281), summing up 1791 photographs. An additional comparison was made between the Madeira catalogue and one catalogue from Sagres, on the southwest tip of the Iberian Peninsula (n = 359). Results showed 26 individual matches, mostly between Madeira and the Canary Islands (n = 23), and between Azores and Madeira (n = 3). No matches were found between the Canary Islands and the Azores, nor between Madeira and Sagres. There were no individuals identified in all three archipelagos. The minimum time recorded between sightings in two different archipelagos (≈ 460 km apart) was 62 days. Association patterns revealed that the individuals moving between archipelagos were connected to resident, migrant and transient individuals in Madeira. The higher number of individuals that were re-sighted between Madeira and the Canary Islands can be explained by the relative proximity of these two archipelagos. This study shows the first inter-archipelago movements of bottlenose dolphins in the Macaronesia region, emphasizing the high mobility of this species and supporting the high gene flow described for oceanic dolphins inhabiting the North Atlantic. The dynamics of these long-range movements strongly denotes the need to review marine protected areas established for this species in each archipelago, calling for joint resolutions from three autonomous regions belonging to two EU countries.

scholarly journals Employing Geographical Principles for Sampling in State of the Art Dialectological Projects

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Buchstaller ◽  
Seraphim Alvanides
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Human Geography ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Functional Regions ◽  
Demographic Classification

The aims of this paper are twofold. First, we locate the most effective human geographical methods for sampling across space in large-scale dialectological projects. We propose two geographical concepts as a basis for sampling decisions: Geo-demographic classification, which is a multidimensional method used for the socio-economic grouping of areas; we also develop an updated version of functional regions that can be used in sociolinguistic research. We then report on the results of a pilot project that applies these models to collect data regarding the acceptability of vernacular morphosyntactic forms in the North East of England. Following the method of natural breaks advocated for dialectology by Horvath & Horvath (2002), we interpret breaks in the probabilistic patterns as areas of dialect transitions. This study contributes to the debate about the role and limitations of spatiality in linguistic analysis. It intends to broaden our knowledge about the interfaces between human geography and dialectology.

scholarly journals Capitalismo distrettuale, localismi d'impresa, globalizzazione

2008 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Scope Economies ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Productive System ◽  
Dimensional Growth ◽  
It Revolution ◽  
Made In

From the late Sixties on, industrial development in Italy evolved through the spread of small and medium sized firms, aggregated in district networks, with an elevated propensity to enterprise and the marked presence of owner-families. Installed within the local systems, the industrial districts tended to simulate large-scale industry exploiting lower costs generated by factors that were not only economic. The districts are characterised in terms of territorial location (above all the thriving areas of the North-east and Centre) and sector, since they are concentrated in the "4 As" (clothing-fashion, home-decor, agri-foodstuffs, automation-mechanics), with some overlapping with "Made in Italy". How can this model be assessed? This is the crucial question in the debate on the condition and prospects of the Italian productive system between the supporters of its capacity to adapt and the critics of economic dwarfism. A dispassionate judgement suggests that the prospects of "small is beautiful" have been superseded, but that the "declinist" view, that sees only the dangers of globalisation and the IT revolution for our SMEs is risky. The concept of irreversible crisis that prevails at present is limiting, both because it is not easy either to "invent", or to copy, a model of industrialisation, and because there is space for a strategic repositioning of the district enterprises. The book develops considerations in this direction, showing how an evolution of the district model is possible, focusing on: gains in productivity, scope economies (through diversification and expansion of the range of products), flexibility of organisation, capacity to meld tradition and innovation aiming at product quality, dimensional growth of the enterprises, new forms of financing, active presence on the international markets and valorisation of the resources of the territory. It is hence necessary to reactivate the behavioural functions of the entrepreneurs.

scholarly journals The effect of the north-east ice stream on the Greenland ice sheet in changing climates

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Greve ◽  
S. Otsu
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Greenland Ice Sheet ◽  
Simulation Code ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Ice Stream ◽  
Basal Sliding ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Fast Flow

Abstract. The north-east Greenland ice stream (NEGIS) was discovered as a large fast-flow feature of the Greenland ice sheet by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaginary of the ERS-1 satellite. In this study, the NEGIS is implemented in the dynamic/thermodynamic, large-scale ice-sheet model SICOPOLIS (Simulation Code for POLythermal Ice Sheets). In the first step, we simulate the evolution of the ice sheet on a 10-km grid for the period from 250 ka ago until today, driven by a climatology reconstructed from a combination of present-day observations and GCM results for the past. We assume that the NEGIS area is characterized by enhanced basal sliding compared to the "normal", slowly-flowing areas of the ice sheet, and find that the misfit between simulated and observed ice thicknesses and surface velocities is minimized for a sliding enhancement by the factor three. In the second step, the consequences of the NEGIS, and also of surface-meltwater-induced acceleration of basal sliding, for the possible decay of the Greenland ice sheet in future warming climates are investigated. It is demonstrated that the ice sheet is generally very susceptible to global warming on time-scales of centuries and that surface-meltwater-induced acceleration of basal sliding can speed up the decay significantly, whereas the NEGIS is not likely to dynamically destabilize the ice sheet as a whole.

scholarly journals Lagrangian formation pathways of moist anomalies in the trade-wind region during the dry season: two case studies from EUREC<sup>4</sup>A

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonie Villiger ◽  
Heini Wernli ◽  
Maxi Boettcher ◽  
Martin Hagen ◽  
Franziska Aemisegger
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cold Front ◽  
Trade Wind ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
The North ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract. Shallow clouds in the trade-wind region over the North Atlantic contribute substantially to the global radiative budget. In the vicinity of the Caribbean island Barbados, they appear in different mesoscale organisation patterns with distinct net cloud radiative effects (CRE). Cloud formation processes in this region are typically controlled by the prevailing large-scale subsidence. However, occasionally weather systems from remote origin cause significant disturbances. This study investigates the complex cloud-circulation interactions during the field campaign EUREC4A (Elucidate the Couplings Between Clouds, Convection and Circulation) from 16 January to 20 February 2020, using a combination of Eulerian and Lagrangian diagnostics. Based on observations and ERA5 reanalyses, we identify the relevant processes and characterise the formation pathways of two moist anomalies above the Barbados Cloud Observatory (BCO), one in the lower (~1000–650 hPa) and one in the middle troposphere (~650–300 hPa). These moist anomalies are associated with strongly negative CRE values and with contrasting long-range transport processes from the extratropics and the tropics, respectively. The low-level moist anomaly is characterised by an unusually thick cloud layer, high precipitation totals and a strongly negative CRE. Its formation is connected to an “extratropical dry intrusion” (EDI) that interacts with a trailing cold front. A quasi-climatological (2010–2020) analysis reveals that EDIs lead to different conditions at the BCO depending on how they interact with the associated cold front. Based on this climatology, we discuss the relevance of the strong large-scale forcing by EDIs for the low-cloud patterns near the BCO and the related CRE. The second case study about the mid-tropospheric moist anomaly is associated with an extended and persistent mixed-phase shelf cloud and the lowest daily CRE value observed during the campaign. Its formation is linked to “tropical mid-level detrainment” (TMD), which refers to detrainment from tropical deep convection near the melting layer. The quasi-climatological analysis shows that TMDs consistently lead to mid-tropospheric moist anomalies over the BCO and that the detrainment height controls the magnitude of the anomaly. However, no systematic relationship was found between the amplitude of this mid-tropospheric moist anomaly and the CRE at the BCO. Overall, this study reveals the important impact of the long-range transport, driven by dynamical processes either in the extratropics or the tropics, on the variability of the vertical structure of moisture and clouds, and on the resulting CRE in the North Atlantic winter trades.

Prey switching by killer whales in the north-east Atlantic: observational evidence and experimental insights

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 1357-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dag Vongraven ◽  
Anna Bisther
Keyword(s):  
Killer Whale ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Tooth Wear ◽  
Killer Whales ◽  
Prey Switching ◽  
Photo Identification ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Spawning Stock

Studies in the Pacific have identified distinct killer whale ecotypes that are either specialized mammal- or fish-eaters. The different types have developed hunting strategies that would suggest specialization could be more advantageous than generalism. However, it has been suggested, based on long-term dietary markers of tooth wear and stable isotope values, that lineages in the North Atlantic are generalist, but with individual variation in the proportion of prey types consumed. Here, we present the results of ten years of observational and photo-identification data of a population of killer whales that follows the Norwegian spring-spawning stock of Atlantic herring. Although the whales were predominantly observed while feeding upon herring, one pod of herring-eating whales was also observed interacting with seals. This supports the hypothesis based on the long-term markers, of a degree of specialization, with a small number of groups persistently feeding upon mammals, but switching between herring and seals. We further investigated this prey switching by conducting playbacks of herring-eating killer whale sounds to harbour seals at haul-out sites on the herring spawning grounds. We recorded changes in behaviour consistent with an anti-predator response, suggesting the seals perceived the herring-eating killer whales as a potential predatory threat and had not habituated to their calls. This could be due to the risk of herring-eating killer whales switching to mammalian prey, or the difficulty of discriminating between killer whale pods due to the large population size and number of killer whale call dialects in this population, or a combination of both.

scholarly journals Assessing impacts of land abandonment on Mediterranean biodiversity using indicators based on bird and butterfly monitoring data

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
SERGI HERRANDO ◽  
LLUÍS BROTONS ◽  
MARC ANTON ◽  
FERRAN PÁRAMO ◽  
DANI VILLERO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Land Abandonment ◽  
Monitoring Data ◽  
Open Habitat ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Butterfly Monitoring ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYIn Europe, and particularly in the Mediterranean Basin, the abandonment of traditional land-use practices has been reported as one of the main causes of decline for open-habitat species. Data from large-scale bird and butterfly monitoring schemes in the north-east Iberian Peninsula were used to evaluate the impact that land abandonment has had on local biodiversity. Species’ habitat preferences, along a gradient from open to forest habitats, were significantly related to population trends: for both birds and butterflies, open-habitat species showed the most marked declines while forest species increased moderately. Multi-species indicators for tracking the impact of land abandonment on bird and butterfly populations were developed using habitat preference estimates and population trend indices. The patterns shown by these indicators were in line with the changes occurring in forest cover in the monitoring sites. This study reveals that multi-species indicators based on monitoring data from different taxonomic groups (here, birds and butterflies) may usefully be employed to track impacts of environmental change on biodiversity.

scholarly journals A mixed-methods evaluation of transformational change in NHS North East

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (47) ◽  
pp. 1-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J Hunter ◽  
Jonathan Erskine ◽  
Chris Hicks ◽  
Tom McGovern ◽  
Adrian Small ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Leadership Style ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Transformational Change ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundThe North East Transformation System (NETS) was conceived as an experiment in adopting large-scale transformational change across a NHS region in England. Although the NHS in the North East performs well, the health of the population ranks among the poorest in the country. The NETS was viewed as a means of addressing this conundrum. It comprised three components: Vision, Compact and Method.ObjectivesThe evaluation study comprised six elements: a literature review; an evaluation of the evolution and impact of the NETS; an identification of the factors facilitating, and/or acting as barriers to, successful change; an assessment of the role of the NETS project team; establishing how far the changes introduced through the NETS became embedded and sustained; and an evaluation of the impact of the NETS on end users.DesignThe research comprised a longitudinal mixed-methods study conducted over 3.5 years. Research methods included 68 semistructured interviews, observation, two focus groups, documentary analysis and interrupted time series (ITS) analysis. The ITS component comprised analysis of five rapid process improvement workshops in two of the sites.SettingThe research setting was the NHS North East region until its abolition in April 2013 following the UK government’s NHS changes. Fourteen sites were selected for the study, comprising primary care trusts as commissioners, and provider trusts including mental health, community, acute care and ambulance services.ParticipantsThe study respondents were members of staff in the 14 sites drawn from different levels of their organisations.InterventionsThe NETS comprised a complex set of interventions aimed at improving the efficiency and effectiveness of care pathways for staff and patients.Main outcome measuresThe ‘receptive contexts for change’ framework was used to evaluate the transformational change process and its outcomes.Data sourcesQualitative parts of the study drew on semistructured interviews, focus groups, observation and documents. Quantitative parts of the study used routinely collected NHS data.ResultsTransformational change in a complex system takes time and demands consistency, constancy of purpose and organisational stability. The NETS was seriously disrupted by the NHS changes announced in July 2010. Progress was sustained at four of the study sites, but slowed or ceased at the other sites. Leadership style was found to be critical to the success of transformational change.ConclusionsThe NETS was a bold and ambitious initiative which succeeded in bringing about real and lasting change in some parts of the North East. However, it was unable to fully realise its vision and purpose partly because of the widespread reorganisation of the NHS by the new coalition government.Future workThere is a need to develop new methods to understand how change occurs, or fails, in complex settings like the NHS. There is a need for more in-depth studies in those sites that were able to implement and sustain change. This would inform future policy and practice. The results of the quantitative analyses were less conclusive than those obtained by qualitative methods. Further development of mixed-methods approaches would provide additional support for evidence-based decision-making.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.

scholarly journals Craft beer sector collaboration in North East Scotland: The role of individual success

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-274
Author(s):  
James Cunningham ◽  
Stephanie Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Shared Responsibility ◽  
Business Growth ◽  
Craft Beer ◽  
Community Embeddedness ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
To Come ◽  
Individual Success

Our understanding of craft brewing is beginning to grow and a key theme to emerge from this artistic and intrinsically creative sector is the dependence on collaboration between entrepreneurial agents. In the North East of Scotland, the growth in craft beer is also recognised to come from a deep rooted collaboration, as a reaction to and in resistance of large mainstream competition. However, one such enterprise, BrewDog, has grown to achieve global reach to rival that of the large-scale brewers the craft scene sought to challenge. We consider what this unprecedented success means for the remaining collaborators in the local craft beer sector. Our findings point to a shared optimism and possibility of achievement among the craft brewers, aided by BrewDog’s success. However, the nature of collaboration is anchored more in community embeddedness and shared responsibility for market development, rather than in business growth and success replication. While the craft scene acknowledges the inspirational success of ‘one of their own’, strategic drive comes from more localised relations and a desire for independence. This has implications not only for craft beer but also on how collaboration among entrepreneurs sustains in respond to success from within the group.

Lithostratigraphy, sedimentary evolution and sequence stratigraphy of the Upper Proterozoic Lyell Land Group (Eleonore Bay Supergroup) of East and North-East Greenland

1997 ◽  
pp. 1-60
Author(s):  
Henrik Tirsgaard ◽  
Martin Sønderholm
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Stratigraphy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
East Greenland ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Upper Proterozoic ◽  
Sedimentary Evolution ◽  
Facies Associations ◽  
Cyclic Changes

NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example: Tirsgaard, H., & Sønderholm, M. (1997). Lithostratigraphy, sedimentary evolution and sequence stratigraphy of the Upper Proterozoic Lyell Land Group (Eleonore Bay Supergroup) of East and North-East Greenland. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 178, 1-60. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v179.5076 _______________ The Late Proterozoic Lyell Land Group is an approximately 3 km thick succession of siliciclastic shelf deposits, within the upper part of the Eleonore Bay Supergroup. It is widely exposed in the region between Ardencaple Fjord in the north and Canning Land in the south. In this paper the seven formations named by Sønderholm & Tirsgaard (1993) are formally described. These are from base to top: the Kempe Fjord Formation (400-600 m thick), the Sandertop Formation (200-405 m thick), the Berzelius Bjerg Formation (250-450 m thick), the Kap Alfred Formation (500-640 m thick), the Vibeke Sø Formation (290-325 m thick), the Skjoldungebrae Formation (205-240 m thick) and the Teufelsschloss Formation (35-110 m thick). Five facies associations have been recognised. Outer shelf deposits dominated by dark green, brown to dark red mudstones with thin sandstone lenses are mainly found in the Sandertop, Kap Alfred and Skjoldungebræ Formations. Storm- and wave-dominated inner shelf deposits comprising fine-grained sandstones and dark heterolithic mudstones are common in the Sandertop, Kap Alfred, Vibeke Sø and Skjoldungebrae Formations and are also found in southern outcrops of the Teufelsschloss Formation. Tidally influenced shoreface deposits form stacks of laterally extensive sandstone bodies separated by heterolithic mudstones and are only found in the middle part of the Kap Alfred Formation. Storm- and wave-dominated shoreface deposits comprise highly mature, thick and laterally very extensive sandstone bodies of which a few may be traced for distances exceeding 150 km. This association is present in several intervals within all formations of the Lyell Land Group. Tidally dominated coastal plain deposits consist of stacked sandstone sheets forming laterally extensive, multistorey units separated by heterolithic mudstones and sandstones. These sediments form part of the Kempe Fjord and Berzelius Bjerg Formations and are also found in northern outcrops of the Teufelsschloss Formation. Evidence from palaeocurrent data combined with regional lithological variations suggest a consistent general N-S coastline with the basin deepening in an eastward direction. Deflection of geostrophic currents suggest a palaeolatitude on the southern hemisphere. The deposits of the Lyell Land Group are subdivided into four, large-scale sequences which overall show the same general sedimentary evolution through time reflecting large-scale, cyclic changes in relative sea-level. The sequences vary in thickness from 400-1000 m and are all readily traceable 300 km parallel and 100 km perpendicular to inferred palaeocoastline. The development of all sequences indicates that major regional translation of facies are related to large-scale forced regressions. Sequence stratigraphic considerations suggest that correlation of formations of the Lyell Land Group with units of the Petermann Bjerg Group some 75 km to the west may be very difficult to carry out. Citation: Tirsgaard, H. & Sønderholm, M. 1997: Lithostratigraphy, sedimentary evolution and sequence stratigraphy of the Upper Proterozoic Lyell Land Group (Eleonore Bay Supergroup) of East and North-East Greenland. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin 178, 60 pp.

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