A Preliminary Study of Space and Time Perspective in Northern Colombia

1954 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 352-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff
Keyword(s):  
Time Perspective ◽  
South American ◽  
Temporal Development ◽  
Large Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Many ◽  
Archaeological Cultures

Although the Republic of Colombia occupies a large area in northwestern South America arid its geographical position makes it an important link between the basic components of nuclear America, our knowledge of Colombia's prehistoric cultures is still very scanty and sporadic. Practically no serious attempts have been made toward correlating its many different cultural manifestations in terms of temporal development or spatial distribution. This has been due mainly to the lack of organized scientific archaeology and to the romantic orientation most research had taken in Colombia, where archaeologists have concentrated upon the more spectacular ceremonial sites while ignoring almost completely the problems of chronology and cultural interrelations.The considerable advance made during the last decade in the field of Venezuelan and Antillean archaeology, together with the many unsolved problems posed by Meso-American and South American relationships, has pressed the need for the establishment of an adequate chronological framework for the archaeological cultures of the north Colombian lowlands.

Some Mosquitos of the Blue Nile Valley in the Republic of the Sudan

1958 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Vegetation ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Large Reservoir ◽  
Blue Nile ◽  
The North ◽  
The Republic

The rainfall of the Blue Nile valley diminishes towards the north, and the number of mosquitos tends to do the same, but the natural state of affairs has been somewhat altered by irrigation works in the shape of the Sennar reservoir and the watering of cotton, sorghum and sunt trees (Acacia arabica, Willdenow), and will be further altered when the proposed dam at Roseires is constructed.The latter dam will form a large reservoir in the Kiri-Roseires area where conditions are likely to differ from those of the Sennar reservoir. Anopheles funestus Giles and many other species occurred in the stretch downstream between Roseires and Abu Hugar in which riverside basins, overgrown with sunt trees, were flooded when the river was high.Farther downstream, between Karkoj and Sennar, breeding conditions were affected by the Sennar dam, water at full storage level reaching different heights in the basins according to their distance from Sennar. Near Sennar the dualpurpose dam had a particular effect on the aquatic vegetation and the mosquitos.A. gambiae Giles bred among Najas pectinata (Parl.) Magnus which, however, only occupied a small area in the reservoir, A. rufipes (Gough) bred in small numbers in various places, and A. pharoensis Theo. in a large area of creeping grass growing on silt under conditions which caused it to form a raft that rose and fell with the water. Adults of A. pharoensis, which was by far the commonest Anopheline, rested near houses by day at certain times of the year. Control of the grass was difficult and liable, to favour more dangerous species of mosquitos. Differences between the Sennar and Jebel Auliya reservoirs are discussed.In the riverain area between Abu Geili and Soba, A. gambiae bred in residual pools in the river-bed in the dry season and in flooded sunt basins in the rains. Control of larvae was very difficult in these basins and much reliance was placed on residual sprays against adults in houses.Breeding conditions in the Gezira irrigated area are described with particular reference to the type of clay soil. There were many larvae of A. gambiae in field channels at the end of the rains when irrigation began, and in March when the summer started. The latter increase was not reflected by any increase in the number of adults, probably owing to the reduction in length of life of the latter in the very hot dry weather. A. rufipes was sometimes found in houses. Control measures are briefly described.Some mosquitos of Khartoum and a few other areas within the Blue Nile valley are briefly considered.

scholarly journals Economic Effectiveness and Agricultural Indicators of Combinations Grafting-Varieties of Apple Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-780
Author(s):  
Islam A. Beyahmedov
Keyword(s):  
Specific Productivity ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
The North ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Agricultural Yield ◽  
The Village

Research was carried out in the north-eastern part of the republic, in the Khuba-Khachmaz zone. Was carried out a comparative analysis of apple varieties on the different grafting and landing schemes. Namely, on the generative rootstock in the gardens, established in the village of Timiryazev of the Khuba region, according to the scheme 5x4m, in the village of Yeni Hayat of the Khusar region on the grafting M9 according to the scheme 4х1,25м and in the village of Dashliyatakh of the Shabran ragion on the grafting MM106 according to the scheme 5x3 m. The agricultural yield was calculated to the formula, proposed by A.S Ovsyannikov by the formula; Уa= Уs х Sa х N : 100; here Уs - Specific productivity, kg / m2 crown projection; Sa - area occupied by crown projection, м2; N – Number of trees per hectare; 100- for transfer of kg, in centners / hectare. To determine the optimum area for plant nutrition were used generally accepted formula: Sop = (D- 0,3) x (D+2)м2 ; D is the diameter of the crown in the period of full fruiting, м; 2- necessary gleam between rows, м; 0,3- the possibility of penetration of branches into the crown of a neighboring tree, м. Economic efficiency was determined by the method proposed by P. V.Dubrava. The results of research is different combinations varieties-grafting. It was determined that all varieties shows high profitability on different grafting. Also, identified a significant impact of the grafting both to the morphometric parameters, to the productivity and economic productivity of varieties. Varieties on the generative rootstock having a relatively large area of crown projection (11.3 m2), respectively, reduce the productivity of the crown to 3.63 kg / m2, against of, having the smaller area of the crown projection (2.43 ... 7.96 m2) and accordingly high productivity (11.70 ... 5.40 kg / m2) on the clonal grafting as M9 and MM106. Relatively less crown volume creates conditions for reducing the area of supply trees, thereby increase the number of trees per unit area and, accordingly, an increase the agrecultural harvest per hectare. This helps to increase the level of net income of varieties on clonal grafting. They have a net income of 3622.97 .... 16335.91 AZN is more than in the varieties of generative rootstock (3029.57 AZN). Accordingly, indicators of agrcultural produoctivity, in varieties on clonal grafting, vastly more (correspondingly 598.92 ... 352.56 center / ha) than in the varieties on the generative rootstock (247.87 center / ha). At the same time, high and high quality productivity of varieties on clonal grafting contributes to the increase in net income and, together with them, the profitability of production. It should be noted that, the profitability of farming in gardens on generative grafting is 100.06%, then this indicator in apple gardens, on clonal grafting is much higher and amounts of 147.54% on MM106 and 381.14% on M9.

Intonation across two border areas in the North Andean region: Mérida (Venezuela) and Medellin (Colombia)

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-352
Author(s):  
Chaxiraxi Díaz ◽  
Josefa Dorta ◽  
Elsa Mora ◽  
Mercedes Muñetón
Keyword(s):  
Romance Languages ◽  
South American ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
The North ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Colombian Andes ◽  
Mountain System ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Border Areas ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Abstract The Andes mountain system serves as a natural border throughout several South American countries. This research takes place in the region known as the Northern Andes, in two of the most important cities of the Venezuelan and Colombian Andes: Mérida, State of Mérida, and Medellin, Department of Antioquia. The main purpose of this study is to establish intonation similarities and differences between these two Andean cities. As a preliminary study, part of the AMPER Project, it examines the F0 as a melodic support. The study has been conducted according to the parameters established in the above-mentioned project. The intention of this research is twofold: First, to accomplish one of the main AMPER goals of performing comparative studies among diverse Romance languages and its varieties; and secondly, to establish possible relationships and differences among language varieties that are in contact, despite being separated by borderlines.

Diversification of the North American Doellingeria-Eucephalus Clade (Astereae: Asteraceae) Inferred from Molecular and Morphological Evidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 930-942
Author(s):  
Geraldine A. Allen ◽  
Luc Brouillet ◽  
John C. Semple ◽  
Heidi J. Guest ◽  
Robert Underhill
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
South American ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
The North ◽  
Hybridization Event ◽  
Ancient Hybridization

Abstract—Doellingeria and Eucephalus form the earliest-diverging clade of the North American Astereae lineage. Phylogenetic analyses of both nuclear and plastid sequence data show that the Doellingeria-Eucephalus clade consists of two main subclades that differ from current circumscriptions of the two genera. Doellingeria is the sister group to E. elegans, and the Doellingeria + E. elegans subclade in turn is sister to the subclade containing all remaining species of Eucephalus. In the plastid phylogeny, the two subclades are deeply divergent, a pattern that is consistent with an ancient hybridization event involving ancestral species of the Doellingeria-Eucephalus clade and an ancestral taxon of a related North American or South American group. Divergence of the two Doellingeria-Eucephalus subclades may have occurred in association with northward migration from South American ancestors. We combine these two genera under the older of the two names, Doellingeria, and propose 12 new combinations (10 species and two varieties) for all species of Eucephalus.

Peculiarities of the course of the postpartum period in domestic reindeer females, its morphophysiology and behavioral reactions in the North-East of Russia (Republic of Sakha)

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-105
Author(s):  
V. Fedorov ◽  
E. Sleptsov ◽  
K. Plemyashov
Keyword(s):  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Taiga Zone ◽  
Behavioral Reactions ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Mountain Taiga

A growth in the number of deer and an increase in their productivity are closely related to the solution of the complex problem of reproduction and rational use of deer females. Significant damage to reindeer husbandry is caused by the barrenness of northern domestic deer, the level of which has been quite high in recent years. So, in the Republic of Sakha, on 01.01.2020, the number of domesticated reindeer was 152,068, of which female deer and heifers — 71,818, offspring per 100 females — 59, business yield amounted to 52 fawns per 100 females. The causes of infertility are very diverse, as the natural and climatic conditions of the breeding zones have a significant influence on the reproductive function of reindeer. In Yakutia, the main population of northern domestic deer is bred in mountain taiga and tundra natural-climatic zones, so there are about 55 thousand deer in the mountain taiga zone and more than 65 thousand deer in the tundra zone. In this regard, the study of the peculiarities of the postpartum period course in domestic reindeer females, its morphophysiology, and behavioral reactions depending on the natural and climatic conditions of breeding is of great importance.

Peranan Ombudsman Republik Indonesia Perwakilan Sumatera Utara Dalam Pengawasan Pelayanan Dinas Kependudukan dan Catatan Sipil Kota Medan

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Putri Ananda Sari ◽  
Abdul Kadir ◽  
Beby Mashito Batu Bara
Keyword(s):  
Service Provider ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
First Report ◽  
The North ◽  
Supervision Process ◽  
The Republic ◽  
North Sumatra

This study aims to determine the role of the Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia in North Sumatra Representative in the Supervision of Population and Civil Registry Service in Medan City. This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods describing information about the data obtained from the field in the form of written and oral data from the parties studied. Data is collected based on interviews and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the role of the Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia in North Sumatra was carried out in the form of external supervision. External supervision is supervision carried out by the Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia Representative of North Sumatra to the Medan Population and Civil Registry Service. Actions taken in the supervision process are incoming reports, follow-up of the first report and follow-up of the report. Based on the research that has been carried out, it has been concluded that the role of the Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia in the North Sumatra Representative in supervising the service provider of the Population and Civil Registry services is carried out in the form of external supervision. In supervising the handling of public reports of alleged poor service in the area of population administration, it has been effective, with several efforts to handle reports such as: (1) Clarification; (2) Investigation; (3) Recommendations; (4) Monitoring.

Sport and nationalism in the Republic of North Macedonia

Focaal ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Vasiliki P. Neofotistos
Keyword(s):  
Direct Product ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
National History ◽  
Sports Teams ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The North ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
The Republic

Using the Republic of North Macedonia as a case study, this article analyzes the processes through which national sports teams’ losing performance acquires a broad social and political significance. I explore claims to sporting victory as a direct product of political forces in countries located at the bottom of the global hierarchy that participate in a wider system of coercive rule, frequently referred to as empire. I also analyze how public celebrations of claimed sporting victories are intertwined with nation-building efforts, especially toward the global legitimization of a particular version of national history and heritage. The North Macedonia case provides a fruitful lens through which we can better understand unfolding sociopolitical developments, whereby imaginings of the global interlock with local interests and needs, in the Balkans and beyond.

ANTHROPOGENIC AND ECONOMIC FACTORS OF THE СRIMEAN ECOLOGY

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
N.P. Demchenko ◽  
N.Yu. Polyakova
Keyword(s):  
Business Owners ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
The North ◽  
Chemical Release ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Russian Plant ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Town ◽  
Integrated Indicators ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

The situation in the ecology of the Crimean Peninsula in recent years was discussed in the article. The analysis of absolute and integrated indicators of the anthropogenic impact showed that the ecological situation remains difficult, and according to some indicators even continues to deteriorate. In summer 2018, the situation had worsened because of the large chemical release of titanium dioxide on the north of the Crimea from the holding pond of a large Russian plant that is situated near the town of Armyansk. This, in turn, led to the contamination of the large territory on the north of the peninsula. This fact indicates insufficient control by officials of the Republic of Crimea over the implementation of the RF laws for environmental protection by business owners of various forms of ownership, especially private ownership, the level of responsibility for the environment of which is very low.

Assessment of the state of the heat economy of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 88-100
Author(s):  
V. R. Darbasov ◽  
◽  
M. Р. Solomonov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Heat Energy ◽  
The State ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
The North ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Heat Energy Market

The article assesses the state of the heat economy of the Northern region. The purpose of the article is to reveal the reasons for chronic backwardness of the region's industry from the average Russian indicators. To achieve the goal, solved the following problems: the features of heat economy in the North, analyzes the housing development, production and consumption of heat energy, as the sources of heat energy and heat networks, and also reforms in the heat economy of the region, based on which conclusions on assessment of the heat economy of the region. In recent years, there has been a twofold decrease in the rate of renewal of fixed assets of the heat economy against the norm, low rates of introduction of the resource-saving technologies in the heat economy, and in general, in the housing and communal services of the region. The level of marginal balance of supply and demand in the heat energy market is determined. The article is written to correct the decisions of the Federal and regional Executive authorities in terms of ensuring the reliability of heat economy of the Northern region.

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