The Development of Folk and Complex Cultures in the Southern Maya Area

1956 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan F. de Borhegyi
Keyword(s):  
Great Part ◽  
Factual Information ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Archaeological Work ◽  
Carnegie Institution Of Washington ◽  
Maya Area ◽  
The Many ◽  
Factual Data

Two generations of intensive archaeological work conducted in great part by the Carnegie Institution of Washington in the Southern Maya area have resulted in a wealth of factual information and the establishment of a fairly comprehensive and continuous cultural sequence. In spite of the many facts, few attempts have been made by Middle American archaeologists to synthesize this data and present it within a coherent conceptual framework. The reluctance of Middle Americanists to extract from the factual data theories regarding the recurring regularities of human behavior may be due in part to the feeling that such “theorizing” is purely speculative and unscientific. The picture is further complicated by the fact that in the Maya area the great bulk of the archaeological material collected and studied consists of artifacts from the excavations of mounds and tombs in the large ceremonial and urban centers. This material understandably does not represent the totality of the culture concerned.

The Union of Laughter and Forgetting? The European Union and the Construction of its own History

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hernan Tesler-Mabe
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Great Part ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Constitution ◽  
Close Study ◽  
Dramatic Shift ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Many ◽  
Teleological Interpretation ◽  
Compare And Contrast

As recently as one year ago, the European Union was seemingly on a direct path toward its avowed goal of "ever closer union." In numerous publications, EU authorities asserted that they had the confidence of European peoples desirous only of further integration. In the wake of the failed referenda for a European Constitution, however, enthusiasts of European Union can no longer be certain that their enterprise will succeed. The European Union, once strong and united, seems now an entity teetering on the edge of collapse. The reasons for such a dramatic shift are, of course, wide-ranging. Yet I would suggest that a great part of the general European disillusionment with European Union has come about as a result of the actions of the Europeanists themselves. Over the last decades, European officials have exhibited a frightfully high incidence of revisionism in their literature. This practice, I argue, has caused many Europeans to question the integrity of the project of European Union. For my presentation, I intend to undertake a close study of a selection of documents published by the European Communities. In this endeavour, I will compare and contrast the messages imparted in different editions of these works and consider the semiotic significance of the textual and non-textual language appearing therein. In this manner, I hope to achieve two aims. First, I mean to add a corrective element to a literature that, guided by a teleological interpretation of integration, endows integration with”logic" to be found only in hindsight. Second, I intend to examine the many meanings that the EU has had over its history and assess how closely policy has adhered to the ideological goals of prominent Europeanists. In sum, I hope to shed light on the fundamental disconnect between advocates of Europe and the "man on the street" and help establish a dialogue which may contribute to resolving the current impasse within the European Union. Full text available: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v2i4.178

scholarly journals Obituary notices of fellows deceased

1908 ◽  
Vol 81 (543) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Science ◽  
Physical Knowledge ◽  
General Impression ◽  
The World ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Practical Engineering ◽  
Creative Force ◽  
The Many ◽  
Effective Development ◽  
Lord Kelvin

It would be impossible in an obituary of ordinary length to convey any idea of the many-sided activity by which Lord Kelvin was continually transforming physical knowledge, through more than two generations, more especially in the earlier period before practical engineering engrossed much of his attention in importunate problems which only he could solve. It is not until one tries to arrange his scattered work into the different years and periods, that the intensity of his creative force is fully realised, and some otion is acquired of what a happy strenuous career his must have been in early days, with new discoveries and new aspects of knowledge crowding in upon him faster than be could express them to the world. The general impression left on one's mind by a connected survey of his work is overwhelming. The instinct of his own country and of the civilised world, in assigning to him a unique place among the intellectual forces of the ast century, was not mistaken. Other men have been as great in some special department of physical science: no one since Newton—hardly even Faraday, whose limitation was in a sense his strength—has exerted such a masterful influence over its whole domain. He might have been a more learned mathematician or an expert chemist; but he would then probably have been less activity, the immediate grasp of connecting principles and relations; each subject that he tackled was transformed by direct hints and analogies brought to bear from profound contemplation of the related domains of knowledge. In the first half of his life, fundamental results arrived in such volume as often to leave behind all chance of effective development. In the nidst of such accumulations he became a bad expositor; it is only by tracing his activity up and down through its fragmentary published records, and thus obtaining a consecutive view of his occupation, that a just idea of the vistas continually opening upon him may be reached. Nowhere is the supremacy of intellect more impressively illustrated. One is at times almost tempted o wish that the electric cabling of the Atlantic, his popularly best known achievement, as it was one of the most strenuous, had never been undertaken by him; nor even, perhaps, the practical settlement of electric units and instruments and methods to which it led on, thus leaving the ground largely prepared for the modern refined electric transformation of general engineering. In the absence of such pressing and absorbing distractions, what might the world not have received during the years of his prime in new discoveries and explorations among the inner processes of nature.

The Enigmatic Crystal River Site

1951 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ripley P. Bullen
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Burial Mound ◽  
The West ◽  
Florida Archaeology ◽  
The North ◽  
Archaeological Work ◽  
Crystal River ◽  
The Many ◽  
Work Done ◽  
River Site

The Crystal River site, on the west coast of Florida about 65 miles north of Tampa, presents one of the many unsolved problems of Florida archaeology. Included in the site is a curving shell ridge, shaped like a fishhook with a temple mound where the barb of the hook would be, a large sand or sand and shell burial mound surrounded by a platform to the north, another temple mound further to the north, and a large deposit of shell to the northwest (Moore, 1903, Fig. 16). Obviously, this is a large and complicated site. Practically the only archaeological work done at Crystal River is that of Moore who, during his three visits, dug all the burial mound and part of its surrounding platform (Moore, 1903; 1907; 1918). Moore did no work in the shell midden or temple mounds and our knowledge of the site is limited to its burial complex.

Psychiatric Interviewing Techniques V. Experimental Study: Eliciting Factual Information

1981 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cox ◽  
M. Rutter ◽  
D. Holbrook
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Factual Information ◽  
Diagnostic Interviews ◽  
The Family ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Interviewing Techniques ◽  
Factual Data

SummaryFour experimental interview styles, each recommended by experts in the field, were compared for their efficiency in eliciting factual information during the initial diagnostic interviews with the mothers of children referred to a psychiatric out-patient clinic. If encouraged to talk freely, mothers tended to mention most (but not all) key issues without the need for standardized questioning on a pre-determined range of topics. However, systematic questioning was essential in order to obtain good quality factual data. Better data were obtained when interviewers were sensitive and alert to factual cues and chose their probes with care. Clinically significant factual information, idiosyncratic to the family and outside the range of standard enquiry was common, but was obtained satisfactorily with all four styles. No one style was generally preferred by informants. The advantages of systematic questioning for obtaining factual information were not associated with any disadvantages with respect to the eliciting of emotions and feelings.

Who Lived and Worked in the Base?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon James
Keyword(s):  
Final Report ◽  
Military Studies ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Military Community ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Roman Military ◽  
The Many ◽  
The City

Information about the specific imperial military contingents resident in the city, and their composition, comes from formal inscriptions, dipinti, graffiti, and Dura’s famous papyri, including part of the archive of cohors XX Palmyrenorum. The case of Dura’s garrison illustrates the validity of Millar’s call for a general review of evidence and interpretations regarding Dura-Europos (Millar 1998, 474). While the inscriptions still remain to be definitively published, it is sixty years since Final Report 5.1 on Dura’s papyri appeared, during which there have been a further two generations of general scholarship on the Roman military. These have seen fundamental changes in understandings of the subject, while several publications on specific aspects of Dura’s Roman military presence are also yet to be integrated into any wider reconsideration of garrison and city. Notably, Kennedy’s work has substantially revised understandings of the chronology and development of one of the major garrison elements, cohors XX Palmyrenorum (Kennedy 1983; 1994), while Edwell has effectively demolished the long-established wisdom that the garrison was, in its later decades, under an officer called the dux ripae, supposedly a regional commander foreshadowing the territorial duces of the Dominate (Edwell 2008, 129–35). Dura’s military presence also needs to be reconsidered against the background of broader recent developments in Roman military studies. Key is growing awareness of the importance of the ‘extended military community’, encompassing both soldiers and the many dependants who, it is now clear, routinely accompanied them. We will return to this aspect later. A fundamental restudy of the textual evidence for Dura’s Roman garrison is, then, overdue and needs to be undertaken by those with proper epigraphic expertise, but in its absence an interim review here is a necessary companion to the archaeological research on the base. Despite major subsequent discoveries such as the Vindolanda tablets (Bowman and Thomas 1983; 1994; 2003), the textual record for the Roman garrison at Dura remains unsurpassed by any other site, in its combination of scale, diversity of media, and detail. Some 60 per cent of Fink’s Roman Military Records on Papyrus comprised Durene documents (Fink 1971).

scholarly journals Enabling a Freight Traffic Controller for Collaborative Multidrop Urban Logistics

2017 ◽  
Vol 2609 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Allen ◽  
Tolga Bektaş ◽  
Tom Cherrett ◽  
Adrian Friday ◽  
Fraser McLeod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Urban Freight ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
True Value ◽  
Freight Traffic ◽  
Freight Logistics ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
The Many

There is increasing interest in how horizontal collaboration between parcel carriers might help alleviate problems associated with last-mile logistics in congested urban centers. Through a detailed review of the literature on parcel logistics pertaining to collaboration, along with practical insights from carriers operating in the United Kingdom, this paper examines the challenges that will be faced in optimizing multi-carrier, multidrop collection, and delivery schedules. A “freight traffic controller” (FTC) concept is proposed. The FTC would be a trusted third party, assigned to equitably manage the work allocation between collaborating carriers and the passage of vehicles over the last mile when joint benefits to the parties could be achieved. Creating this FTC concept required a combinatorial optimization approach for evaluation of the many combinations of hub locations, network configuration, and routing options for vehicle or walking to find the true value of each potential collaboration. At the same time, the traffic, social, and environmental impacts of these activities had to be considered. Cooperative game theory is a way to investigate the formation of collaborations (or coalitions), and the analysis used in this study identified a significant shortfall in current applications of this theory to last-mile parcel logistics. Application of theory to urban freight logistics has, thus far, failed to account for critical concerns including ( a) the mismatch of vehicle parking locations relative to actual delivery addresses; ( b) the combination of deliveries with collections, requests for the latter often being received in real time during the round; and ( c) the variability in travel times and route options attributable to traffic and road network conditions.

COMPORTAMENTO ALIMENTAR DO CONSUMIDOR IDOSO

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario De Oliveira Lima-Filho ◽  
Renato Luiz Sproesser ◽  
Maria de Fáima Evangelista Mendonça Lima ◽  
Thelma Lucchese
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Purchase Decision ◽  
Traditional Food ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Important Data ◽  
Global Standards ◽  
Present Trend

This article aim to identify the alimentary habits of the older consumer, presenting the main foods consumed in the daily meals and when, where, with who and whom it consumes such foods, besides comparing the behavior with the global standards. The empirical study it was lead together to a sample of 96 elderly ones inside of two hypermarket store in Campo Grande, Brazilian southwest, in September of 2004. For the collection of data questionnaire structuralized with questions of closed answers was used, by means of direct inquisition. Great part of the interviewed ones presents a concern with its physical well-being and healthful feeding. The nutritional quality and the price of the products are the aspects most relevant in the purchase decision. Rice, beans, meat and vegetables compose the preferred diet. 55.2% of the interviewed ones it consumes products diet and light and 95.8% almost makes the meals in house during the week. Other important data are presented. The interviewed ones are not adhering to the new present trend in developed countries and great Brazilian urban centers, in which the traditional food consumption comes being substituted for industrialized foods and of easy preparation.

Harlan Ingersoll Smith

1940 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-64
Author(s):  
W. J. Wintemberg
Keyword(s):  
Field Work ◽  
Field Trips ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Late Professor ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
World's Columbian Exposition ◽  
Columbian Exposition ◽  
Small Collection ◽  
Actual Field ◽  
The Many

Harlan Ingersoll Smith, former Chief Archaeologist of the National Museum of Canada, died on January 28, 1940. He was born in East Saginaw, Michigan, February 17, 1872. As a boy he became interested in the many evidences of the former Indian inhabitants scattered over the fields near his home and he formed a small collection of archaeological material. The first opportunity to do actual field work came in 1891, when the late Professor Putnam, Chief of the Anthropological Department of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, employed him to assist Dr. Charles Metz in the exploration of the well-known Madisonville Village Site in Ohio. This was followed in 1892 by field trips to other sites in Ohio; in 1893 to mounds near Madison Wisconsin, and in 1894, as explorer for the Archaeological Institute of America, to Kalamazoo, Michigan, to investigate the so-called “gardenbeds” near that place.

Archaeology in Greece, 1939–45

1944 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 78-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Dunbabin
Keyword(s):  
Works Of Art ◽  
Archaeological Work ◽  
The Many

Little serious archaeological work has been carried out in Greece during the war years. The Greek Archaeological Service has been obliged to give all its attention to the conservation of sites and works of art, a task carried out with courage and devotion in often very difficult circumstances. The foreign Schools have been able to carry out little work. The many military works carried out by the occupying forces have had a less rich harvest of antiquities than might have been expected. In many cases little information is available beyond the bare fact that excavations were carried out or finds made; no Greek experts were present and the finds were not handed over to the Greek Archaeological Service.This article describes new finds only. It does not cover the damage done by acts of war to monuments and museums, which will be described elsewhere. It does include excavations and finds of 1939–40, which have not yet been reported in JHS, and summarises a number of Greek publications of the war years.I am indebted for information to P. Amandry (on whose articles in BCH lxiv–lxv (1940–1), 231 ff. and lxvi–lxvii (1942–3), 320 ff. this article is largely based), to J. M. Cook and T. W. French, who collected much of the material, to A. D. Keramopoullos and the members of the Greek Archaeological Service of which he is head, who have given information and assistance at every point. I have also made use of the articles in AA 1940, 121 ff.; 1942, 99 ff.

scholarly journals Gísli Súrsson as Egða andspillir. An Obscure Kenning and its Implications for Tribal Identities in Tenth-Century Iceland

Gripla ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Johan Myrvoll
Keyword(s):  
Tenth Century ◽  
Factual Knowledge ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Satisfactory Explanation ◽  
Special Group ◽  
The People ◽  
The Family ◽  
Paternal Grandfather ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
The Many

Gísla saga súrssonar (thirteenth century) is famous for the tragic destiny of its main character, the Norwegian settler and outlaw Gísli Súrsson, a destiny that to some extent is predicted by the many dream stanzas Gísli utters in the saga. In one of these stanzas, Gísli refers to himself as Egða andspillir ‘confidant of the Egðir’, i.e. the people of the Norwegian region of Agder. This kenning has puzzled skaldic scholars and editors of Gísla saga, and no satisfactory explanation has so far been proposed. In the present article, this kenning is explained as a við(r)kenning, that is, a description in terms of a person’s attributes, which is based on factual knowledge about the person involved. I evaluate the stanza as authentic, and so implying that Gísli actually was the friend of people in Iceland in the tenth century who could be called Egðir. I show that these Egðir most likely were members of the family of Ingjaldr in Hergilsey, who according to the saga hid Gísli from his enemies for three years, and whom Gísli mentions in one of his other stanzas. Landnámabók tells us that Ingjaldr’s paternal grandfather came to Iceland from Agder together with the chieftain Geirmundr heljarskinn, and that Geirmundr and his men had to flee from Norway because of the new centralized rule of Haraldr hárfagri. The story about Haraldr’s ofríki (‘harsh rule’) is probably exaggerated in the Icelandic tradition, but there is support in the sources for the hypothesis that a retinue of men who lost against Haraldr in the battle of Hafrsfjord (ca. 900) left Agder for Iceland. The fact that Ingjaldr and his family could be considered Egðir two generations and more than sixty years after they had left Agder calls for an explanation. This article argues that the special background of these families in a lost kingdom of Agder may have contributed to strengthening their identity as a special group of people in the recently populated Iceland.

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