A Revised Classification of the Prehistoric Cultures of Minnesota

1955 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd A. Wilford
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
Chronological Sequence ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
Regional Conferences ◽  
Fair Degree ◽  
Taxonomic System

In the first classification of the prehistoric cultures of Minnesota (Wilford 1941), no attempt was made to present a chronological sequence, though some temporal relationships were indicated. Since that time the efforts of archaeologists in all parts of the eastern United States in excavating sites and in reporting the results, in pooling their knowledge at regional conferences, and in constructing and publishing cultural sequences for regions and for the entire area, have crystallized in a framework in which the 3 major cultural groupings, the patterns, have been fitted into a chronological sequence of 4 periods. It is now possible to place the Minnesota cultures in this framework with a fair degree of confidence. Table 6 presents this placement in terms of the categories of the Midwestern Taxonomic System.

The Central California Chronological Sequence Re-Examined

1953 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell E. Belous
Keyword(s):  
New Method ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Central California ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
Chemical Soil ◽  
Chronological Sequence ◽  
The Subject ◽  
California Archaeology ◽  
Stratigraphic Sequences

For a number of years the subject of California archaeology has undergone a great deal of discussion. A large measure of this discussion has been concerned with the problem of chronology. Heizer (1949) has postulated a classification of cultural and temporal relationships for central California. His chronology is based primarily on stratigraphic sequences together with intrasite comparisons and geological-chemical soil and bone analysis.This paper is an attempt to examine a part of his sequences using a new method for the chronological ordering of archaeological deposits (Brainerd 1951; Robinson 1951). The material to follow will be divided into three categories: 1) theory and method; 2) a discussion of the sequences resulting from the application of the method used here; and 3) the nature of the conclusions which one may safely draw in the light of 1) and 2) above.

AIDS and the Actuary

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-231
Author(s):  
M. G. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Financial Health ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
Major Increase ◽  
Fair Degree

Throughout this century we have become accustomed to regular improvement in mortality rates at most ages. For life office actuaries this trend could be regarded as a potential source of profit for assurance business, but as a possible source of loss for annuities. However, since the movements in mortality were gradual then mortality rates at any given time could be estimated with a fair degree of confidence.In this relatively stable environment, there was little concern over the first report of a death caused by complete and unaccountable failure of the immune system in the United States of America in 1981. When the number of such deaths began to grow and to migrate to Europe than actuaries had to take notice. Here was a disease (called AIDS) which was causing deaths at an alarmingly increasing rate and which medical science seemed powerless to counter. Concern grew about the effect which a major increase in mortality rates caused by AIDS would have on the financial health of life offices.

The impact of erosion on the classification of Mollisols in Iowa

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Fenton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
The United States ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Field Mapping ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Taxonomic System

Fenton, T. E. 2012. The impact of erosion on the classification of Mollisols in Iowa. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 413–418. The fertile black soils in the Great Plains and Western States of the United States are dark brown Chernozems in the Canadian system of soil taxonomy and Mollisols, when a mollic epipedon is present, according to the United States soil taxonomy. Other primary criteria are organic carbon content, color, structure, and thickness of the mollic epipedon. Accelerated erosion can affect all of these properties and is especially critical for soils that have slope gradients of more than 2%. Accelerated erosion and erosion phases are recognized in field mapping based on the amount of A horizon remaining but criteria provided in the Soil Taxonomy guidelines conflict with procedures outlined in the Soil Survey Field Manual and result in a dichotomy between the classification system and field mapping practices. Soil map unit data for the five most extensive Mollisol soil series in Iowa that have multiple phases of slope and erosion were summarized and variations between the taxonomic and survey principles were identified. Eroded units comprise 26 to 77% of the total mapped area of the series studied and do not qualify as Mollisols under the taxonomic system. However, under the principle of following the genetic thread to classify soils, the taxonomic system should be modified to accommodate the eroded units that have the same genetic pathway as their uneroded counterparts. This could be accomplished by placing primary emphasis on the organic carbon content and waiving the color requirement for eroded soil map units.

A Revised Classification of Antennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae) of the Eastern United States

1982 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall J. Bayer ◽  
G. Ledyard Stebbins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Eastern United States

scholarly journals Clustering CAMELS using hydrological signatures with high spatial predictability

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Ulrich Jehn ◽  
Konrad Bestian ◽  
Lutz Breuer ◽  
Philipp Kraft ◽  
Tobias Houska
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Quadratic Regression ◽  
Discharge Characteristics ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hydrological Signatures ◽  
High Spatial Variability

Abstract. The behavior of every catchment is unique. Still, we need ways to classify them as this helps to improve hydrological theories. Usually catchments are classified along either their attributes classes (e.g. climate, topography) or their discharge characteristics, which is often captured in hydrological signatures. However, recent studies have shown that many hydrological signatures have a low predictability in space and therefore only dubious hydrological meaning. Therefore, this study uses hydrological signatures with the highest predictability in space to cluster 643 catchments from the continental United States (CAMELS (Catchment Attributes and MEteorology for Large-Sample Studies) dataset) into ten groups. We then evaluated the connection between catchment attributes with the hydrological signatures with quadratic regression, both in the overall CAMELS dataset and the ten clusters. In the overall dataset, aridity had the strongest connection to the hydrological signatures, especially in the eastern United States. However, the clusters in the western United States showed a more heterogeneous pattern with a larger influence of forest fraction, the mean elevation or the snow fraction. From this, we conclude that catchment behavior can be mainly attributed to climate in regions with homogenous topography. In regions with a heterogeneous topography, there is no clear pattern of the catchment behavior, as catchments show high spatial variability in their attributes. The classification of the CAMELS dataset with the hydrological signatures allows testing hydrological models in contrasting environments.

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