scholarly journals Phloem parenchyma cells are involved in local and distant defense responses to fungal inoculation or bark-beetle attack in Norway spruce (Pinaceae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent R. Franceschi ◽  
Paal Krokene ◽  
Trygve Krekling ◽  
Erik Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Fungal Inoculation

scholarly journals Localization of (+)-Catechin in Picea abies Phloem: Responses to Wounding and Fungal Inoculation

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2952
Author(s):  
Tuula Jyske ◽  
Katsushi Kuroda ◽  
Susanna Keriö ◽  
Andrey Pranovich ◽  
Riikka Linnakoski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Tree Bark ◽  
Chemical Mapping ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Tof Sims ◽  
Defense Reactions ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Fungal Inoculation

To understand the positional and temporal defense mechanisms of coniferous tree bark at the tissue and cellular levels, the phloem topochemistry and structural properties were examined after artificially induced bark defense reactions. Wounding and fungal inoculation with Endoconidiophora polonica of spruce bark were carried out, and phloem tissues were frequently collected to follow the temporal and spatial progress of chemical and structural responses. The changes in (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, stilbene glucoside, and resin acid distribution, and accumulation patterns within the phloem, were mapped using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (cryo-ToF-SIMS), alongside detailed structural (LM, TEM, SEM) and quantitative chemical microanalyses of the tissues. Our results show that axial phloem parenchyma cells of Norway spruce contain (+)-catechins, the amount of which locally increases in response to fungal inoculation. The preformed, constitutive distribution and accumulation patterns of (+)-catechins closely follow those of stilbene glucosides. Phloem phenolics are not translocated but form a layered defense barrier with oleoresin compounds in response to pathogen attack. Our results suggest that axial phloem parenchyma cells are the primary location for (+)-catechin storage and synthesis in Norway spruce phloem. Chemical mapping of bark defensive metabolites by cryo-ToF-SIMS, in addition to structural and chemical microanalyses of the defense reactions, can provide novel information on the local amplitudes and localizations of chemical and structural defense mechanisms and pathogen–host interactions of trees.

Specialized phloem parenchyma cells in Norway spruce (Pinaceae) bark are an important site of defense reactions

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 601-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent R. Franceschi ◽  
Trygve Krekling ◽  
Alan A. Berryman ◽  
Erik Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Defense Reactions ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Important Site

Localization of Phenolics in Phloem Parenchyma Cells of Norway Spruce (Picea abies)

ChemBioChem ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 2707-2713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng-Hong Li ◽  
Nina Elisabeth Nagy ◽  
Almuth Hammerbacher ◽  
Paal Krokene ◽  
Xue-Mei Niu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

Elemental Analysis of Phloem Tissue in Lemna Minor Root Tips

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 798-799
Author(s):  
Patrick Echlin ◽  
Thomas Hayes ◽  
Clifford Lai ◽  
Greg Hook
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Lemna Minor ◽  
Atomic Weight ◽  
Companion Cell ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Phloem Tissue ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Xylem Element

Studies (1—4) have shown that it is possible to distinguish different stages of phloem tissue differentiation in the developing roots of Lemna minor by examination in the transmission, scanning, and optical microscopes. A disorganized meristem, immediately behind the root-cap, gives rise to the vascular tissue, which consists of single central xylem element surrounded by a ring of phloem parenchyma cells. This ring of cells is first seen at the 4-5 cell stage, but increases to as many as 11 cells by repeated radial anticlinal divisions. At some point, usually at or shortly after the 8 cell stage, two phloem parenchyma cells located opposite each other on the ring of cells, undergo an unsynchronized, periclinal division to give rise to the sieve element and companion cell. Because of the limited number of cells involved, this developmental sequence offers a relatively simple system in which some of the factors underlying cell division and differentiation may be investigated, including the distribution of diffusible low atomic weight elements within individual cells of the phloem tissue.

Impacts of European spruce bark beetle infestations on Norway spruce BVOC emissions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Jaakkola ◽  
Anna Maria Jönsson ◽  
Per-Ola Olsson ◽  
Maj-Lena Linderson ◽  
Thomas Holst
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Healthy Tree ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Spruce Bark

<p>Tree killing by spruce bark beetles (<em>Ips typographus</em>) is one of the main disturbances to Norway spruce (<em>Picea abies</em>) forests in Europe and the risk of outbreaks is amplified by climate change with effects such as increased risk of storm felling, tree drought stress and an additional generation of spruce bark beetles per year<sup>[1]</sup>. The warm and dry summer of 2018 triggered large outbreaks in Sweden, the increased outbreaks are still ongoing and affected about 8 million m<sup>3</sup> forest in 2020<sup>[2]</sup>. This is the so far highest record of trees killed by the spruce bark beetle in a single year in Sweden<sup>[2]</sup>. In 1990-2010, the spruce bark beetle killed on average 150 000 m<sup>3</sup> forest per year in southern Sweden<sup>[3]</sup>. Bark beetles normally seek and attack Norway spruces with lowered defense, i.e. trees that are wind-felled or experience prolonged drought stress<sup>[4]</sup>. However, as the number of bark beetle outbreaks increase, the risk of attacks on healthy trees also increase<sup>[5]</sup>. This causes a higher threat to forest industry, and lowers the possibilities to mitigate climate change in terms of potential decreases in carbon uptake if the forests die<sup>[4,5]</sup>. Norway spruce trees normally defend themselves by drenching the beetles in resin<sup>[6]</sup>. The resin in turn contains different biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which can vary if the spruce is attacked by bark beetles or not<sup> [4,6]</sup>. The most abundant group of terpenoids (isoprene, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes), is most commonly emitted from conifers, such as Norway spruce<sup>[7,8]</sup>. The aim of this study was to enable a better understanding of the direct defense mechanisms of spruce trees by quantifying BVOC emissions and its composition from individual trees under attack</p><p>To analyze the bark beetles’ impact on Norway spruce trees a method was developed using tree trunk chambers and adsorbent tubes. This enables direct measurements of the production of BVOCs from individual trees. Three different sites in Sweden, with different environmental conditions were used for the study and samples were collected throughout the growing season of 2019. After sampling, the tubes were analyzed in a lab using automated thermal desorption coupled to a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer to identify BVOC species and their quantity.</p><p>The preliminary results show a strong increase in BVOC emissions from a healthy tree that became infested during the data collection. The finalized results expect to enable better understanding of how spruce trees are affected by insect stress from bark beetles, and if bark beetle infestation will potentially result in increased carbon emission in the form of BVOCs.</p><p><strong>References</strong></p><p>[1] Jönsson et al. (2012). Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 166: 188–200<br>[2] Skogsstyrelsen, (2020). https://via.tt.se/pressmeddelande/miljontals-granar-dodades-av-granbarkborren-2020?publisherId=415163&releaseId=3288473<br>[3] Marini et al. (2017). Ecography, 40(12), 1426–1435.<br>[4] Raffa (1991). Photochemical induction by herbivores. pp. 245-276<strong><br></strong>[5] Seidl, et al. (2014). Nature Climate Change, 4(9), 806-810. <br>[6] Ghimire, et al. (2016). Atmospheric Environment, 126, 145-152.<br>[7] Niinemets, U. and Monson, R. (2013). ISBN 978-94-007-6606-8<br>[8] Kesselmeier, J. and Staudt, M. (1999). Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 33(1), pp.23-88</p>

Inducibility of chemical defenses in Norway spruce bark is correlated with unsuccessful mass attacks by the spruce bark beetle

Oecologia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 170 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Schiebe ◽  
Almuth Hammerbacher ◽  
Göran Birgersson ◽  
Johanna Witzell ◽  
Peter E. Brodelius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Chemical Defenses ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Spruce Bark

scholarly journals Ectomycorrhizal Community on Norway Spruce Seedlings Following Bark Beetle Infestation

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Veselá ◽  
Martina Vašutová ◽  
Karolína Hofmannová ◽  
Magda Edwards-Jonášová ◽  
Pavel Cudlín
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Forest Disturbances ◽  
Phialocephala Fortinii ◽  
Exploration Types ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Mycelial Network

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi importantly influence seedling growth, nutrition, and survival and create an extensive mycelial network interconnecting tree species and enabling resource redistribution. Due to their symbiotic relationship with trees, they are impacted by forest disturbances, which are of increasing relevance due to climate change. The effect of disturbance on seedling colonization and their morphology is still largely unknown. Seedling growth parameters and the ECM fungal assemblage on the roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) seedlings were assessed in mature spruce forests attacked and destroyed by bark beetle and in a mature non-attacked forest as a reference. We did not detect significant differences in number of ECM species on seedling roots among forest types, but ECM species composition changed; Tylospora fibrillosa (Burt) Donk, Meliniomyces variabilis Hambl. & Sigler, and Phialocephala fortinii C.J.K. Wang & H.E. Wilcox were characteristic species in the forest destroyed by bark beetle, whereas Lactarius, Cortinarius, and Russula were in the mature forest. Forest type further significantly influenced the height, root length, and root collar thickness of seedlings and the proportion of exploration types of mycorrhizae.

Association of malva vein-clearing virus and rhabdoviruslike particles with mottle and vein clearing of malva plants

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria-Ivone C. Henriques ◽  
Fernando S. Henriques
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Inner Core ◽  
Dense Body ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Vein Clearing ◽  
Perinuclear Space ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

Thin sections of malva (Malva sp.) leaves collected in the field and showing mottle and vein-clearing symptoms were examined by electron microscopy. Cytoplasmic inclusions typical of potyvirus and consisting of pinwheels, laminated aggregates, and scrolls were readily observed. In addition, rhabdoviruslike particles were also seen in the perinuclear space of phloem parenchyma cells and within membranous sacs scattered throughout the cytoplasm of other vascular bundle cells. Occasionally rhabdoparticles could be found embedded in an amorphous electron-dense body located within the cell vacuole. The rhabdovirus particles, approximately 75 × 300 nm, were bound by a membrane with outer projections and had an inner core displaying cross striations. The cytoplasm of infected mesophyll cells had chloroplasts containing large amorphous inclusion bodies and had extensive membranous tubules that were frequently associated with the potyvirus inclusions. These ultrastructural aspects, the size of the particles, and the data on host range indicate that malva plants under study were doubly infected by viruses which were tentatively identified as malva vein-clearing virus and a previously undescribed rhabdovirus.

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