Unemployment and the Rate of Change of Money Earnings in the United States, 1900-1958

Economica ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 28 (111) ◽  
pp. 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rattan J. Bhatia
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rate Of Change

Are Teachers’ Beliefs Related to Their Preferences for ADHD Interventions? Comparing Teachers in the United States and New Zealand

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
David F. Curtis ◽  
Richard J. Hamilton ◽  
Dennis W. Moore ◽  
Stewart Pisecco
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Teaching Efficacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Pupil Control ◽  
Pupil Control Ideology ◽  
Daily Report Card ◽  
Teachers Beliefs ◽  
Nationality Differences

This investigation examined the relationship between teachers’ beliefs and their preferences for classroom interventions for behaviours consistent with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Teacher ratings of intervention acceptability, effectiveness, and rate of change were compared across United States and New Zealand samples. Beliefs examined were personal teaching efficacy, general teaching efficacy, and pupil control ideology (PCI). Samples were compared regarding their preferences for the daily report card, response cost technique, classroom lottery, and medication as classroom strategies for managing ADHD-related behavioural concerns. Data were analysed using general linear modelling techniques, and an interaction was demonstrated between ADHD intervention x PCI x nationality. Differences were observed for ADHD interventions across samples based upon pupil control orientations. Implications for educators and their classroom practices are discussed.

scholarly journals Differential Association of HIV Funding With HIV Mortality by Race/Ethnicity, United States, 1999-2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 135 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 149S-157S
Author(s):  
Benedict I. Truman ◽  
Ramal Moonesinghe ◽  
Yolanda T. Brown ◽  
Man-Huei Chang ◽  
Jonathan H. Mermin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Black Residents ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Hiv Funding ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Hispanic White

Objective Federal funds have been spent to reduce the disproportionate effects of HIV/AIDS on racial/ethnic minority groups in the United States. We investigated the association between federal domestic HIV funding and age-adjusted HIV death rates by race/ethnicity in the United States during 1999-2017. Methods We analyzed HIV funding data from the Kaiser Family Foundation by federal fiscal year (FFY) and US age-adjusted death rates (AADRs) by race/ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Asian/Pacific Islander and American Indian/Alaska Native [API+AI/AN]) from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WONDER detailed mortality files. We fit joinpoint regression models to estimate the annual percentage change (APC), average APC, and changes in AADRs per billion US dollars in HIV funding, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). For 19 data points, the number of joinpoints ranged from 0 to 4 on the basis of rules set by the program or by the user. A Monte Carlo permutation test indicated significant ( P < .05) changes at joinpoints, and 2-sided t tests indicated significant APCs in AADRs. Results Domestic HIV funding increased from $10.7 billion in FFY 1999 to $26.3 billion in FFY 2017, but AADRs decreased at different rates for each racial/ethnic group. The average rate of change in AADR per US billion dollars was −9.4% (95% CI, −10.9% to −7.8%) for Hispanic residents, −7.8% (95% CI, −9.0% to −6.6%) for non-Hispanic black residents, −6.7% (95% CI, −9.3% to −4.0%) for non-Hispanic white residents, and −5.2% (95% CI, −7.8% to −2.5%) for non-Hispanic API+AI/AN residents. Conclusions Increased domestic HIV funding was associated with faster decreases in age-adjusted HIV death rates for Hispanic and non-Hispanic black residents than for residents in other racial/ethnic groups. Increasing US HIV funding could be associated with decreasing future racial/ethnic disparities in the rate of HIV-related deaths.

Monetary Trends in the United States and the United Kingdom, 1878–1970: Selected Findings

1975 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Jacobson Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Expansion Phase ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Successive Phase

Milton Friedman and I have been engaged for some time in a study of the characteristic behavior of the quantity of money over long periods in relation to income, prices, and interest rates m the United States and the United Kingdom. In our study, our observations of levels are the average annual values of each variable during cyclical phases, starting with the expansion phase of 1878–1882 in the United States and 1879–1883 in the United Kingdom, and ending with the final phase that can be marked off for each country, respectively, 1969–1970 and 1968–1969. In all, we have forty-five observations of levels for the United States, and thirtythree for the United Kingdom. In addition to levels of observation, we also examine rates of change, which we express as the slopes of least-squares lines connecting three successive phase averages. For each country, the rate-of-change observations are two fewer than the number of level observations.

scholarly journals Trade and Strike Activity in the Postwar United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
M. Rodwan Abouharb ◽  
Benjamin O. Fordham
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Union Density ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
World War ◽  
Bargaining Process ◽  
Strike Activity ◽  
Bargaining Position ◽  
Bargaining Positions

This paper examines the effect of international trade on strike activity within the United States since World War II. Globalization may influence strike activity through its effects on the bargaining position of labor. Alternatively, if labor and management take their changed bargaining positions into account, the rate of change in openness could create greater uncertainty in negotiations between them and lead to more strikes as a result. Empirical analysis of strike activity in the 50 states over this period supports the argument concerning uncertainty in the bargaining process. Import competition may also indirectly reduce strike activity by decreasing union density.

scholarly journals A Numerical Study of the Current COVID-19 Spread Patterns in India, the USA and the World

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemanta K. Baruah
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Spread Pattern ◽  
Made In

AbstractIn this article, we are going to study the current COVID-19 spread patterns in India and the United States. We are interested to show how the daily increase in the total number of cases in these two countries is affecting the COVID-19 spread pattern in the World. For the study, we have considered the cumulative total numbers of cases in India, the United States and the World. We have found that the situation in the United States is already on the threshold of a change towards retardation. In the World as a whole also we have observed that a similar conclusion can be made. In India, the situation can be expected to move towards betterment soon, and once that happens the situation in the World as a whole would start improving. We shall demonstrate that as long as the rate of change of the logarithm of the cumulative total number of cases with respect to time in a pandemic continues to reduce, the pattern of growth would continue to remain nearly exponential, and as soon as it is seen that the rate of change starts to become nearly constant the growth can be expected to start to change towards a nearly logarithmic pattern.

scholarly journals Economic factors affecting Thailand’s frozen shrimp export volume to the United States and Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 66-74
Author(s):  
He Shuquan ◽  
Matukorn Bu-iad
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Private Consumption ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Production Activity ◽  
Export Volume ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Frozen Shrimp

A Study of Economic Factors Affecting Thailand’s Frozen Shrimp Export Volume to the United States and Japan which hypothesized that there are economic factors that affect the quantity of frozen shrimp exports from Thailand to the United States, namely the Manufacturing Production Index classified by production activity, Frozen Seafood (MPI), Domestic Wholesale Shrimp Price (PRIshrimp), United States Gross Domestic Product (GDPU.S.A.), Per Capita Income of US Population (PCIU.S.A.), Rate Of Change In Private Consumption And Consumption Expenditures Of The US Private Sector (PCEU.S.A.) and assumed that there are economic factors affecting the quantity of frozen shrimp exports to Japan, namely the Manufacturing Production Index classified by production activity, Frozen Seafood Category (MPI), Domestic Wholesale Shrimp Price (PRIshrimp) , Japan Gross Domestic Product (GDPJapan), Per Capita Income Of Japanese Population (PCIJapan), Rate Of Change In Private Consumption And Consumption Expenditures Of The Japanese Private Sector (PCEJapan) which are consistent with the research of Pathumnakul, S., Khamjan, S., & Piewthongngam, K. (2007). Will use secondary data by collecting data on a monthly basis from January 2017 to December 2019 with the analysis of complex regression equations. By the least-squares estimation method, the study found that the economic factors affecting frozen shrimp export volume of Thailand to the United States in the same direction are manufacturing production index classified by production activity, frozen seafood category, wholesale shrimp prices in the country, the gross domestic product of USA, income per capita of the United States population and rate of change in US private consumption expenditure has no effect on the export volume of frozen shrimp from Thailand to the United States. For economic factors affecting the frozen shrimp export volume of Thailand to Japan in the same direction is statistically significant, the manufacturing production index classified by production activity, frozen seafood category, wholesale shrimp prices in the country, the gross domestic product of Japan, income per capita of the Japanese population and the rate of change in Japanese private consumption expenditure has no effect on the export volume of frozen shrimp from Thailand to Japan. Keywords: economic factors, frozen shrimp, export volume.

scholarly journals Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors and Weight Gain in Children and Youth with Perinatal HIV in the DC Cohort

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Li A Koay ◽  
Sahera Dirajlal-Fargo ◽  
Matthew E Levy ◽  
Paige Kulie ◽  
Anne Monroe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Strand Transfer ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Perinatal Hiv ◽  
Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors

Abstract We conducted a retrospective analysis of 38 children and youth with HIV (aged 0-&lt;20 years) in the United States and report an increased rate of change of BMI-for-age z-score after initiating integrase strand transfer inhibitors (+0.19 z-score units/year, 95% CI 0.01, 0.37, p=0.036) for a median follow-up of 527.5 days.

Abstract MP094: Projected Decline in the United States of Combined Heart Disease and Stroke Mortality below Cancer Mortality by the Year 2020

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Sidney
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Primary And Secondary Prevention ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Us Census

Background / Objectives: Heart disease (HD) has been the leading cause of mortality in the United States since 1910 and stroke (STK) is the 4th leading cause. Data from 2009 shows that mortality from HD (179.8 / 100,000 [100K] person years [PY]) is slightly higher than cancer (CAN) mortality (173.6 / 100K PY) and that the gap between combined HD/STK and CAN mortality has narrowed considerably between 2000 (318.5 HD/STK, 199.6 CAN) and 2009 (218.7 HD/STK, 173.6 CAN). These rates are projected through 2020 to determine whether combined HD/STK mortality is likely to fall below cancer mortality overall and within major race-ethnicity groups. Methods: HD, STK, and CAN U.S. mortality rates were projected from 2009 to 2020 based on annualized rate of change in mortality from 2000-2009. Because published race-ethnicity specific rates were available only through 2007, 2020 rates were based on the annualized rates of change from 2000-2007. Rates are age-adjusted based on the 2000 US census and expressed per 100K PY. Results: HD mortality is likely to decline below CAN mortality by 2011 and in each race-ethnicity group by mid-decade. By 2020, combined HD/STK mortality is likely to be lower than CAN mortality in the U.S. population, declining to 138.3 for HD/STK and 144.5 for CAN (see figure), and in each race-ethnicity group except Blacks (BL). The rates in whites (WH), BL, Asians (AS), and Hispanics (HIS) are expected to decline as follows: WH decline from 228.3 HD/STK, 199.6 CAN in 2007 to 128.9 HD/STK, 145.8 CAN in 2020; BL 307.6 HD/STK, 215.5 CAN in 2007 to 183.4 HD/STK, 165.7 CAN; AS 135.5 HD/STK, 106.7 CAN in 2007 to 65.9 HD/STK, 83.1 CAN; and HIS 168.7 HD/STK, 116.2 CAN in 2007 to 86.6 HK/STK, 88.2 CAN. Conclusions: The decline of HD/STK below CAN mortality will represent a major milestone in public health, culminating a half century during which rates of HD/stroke have trended lower due to better primary and secondary prevention and improved medical care. However, we must address ongoing disparities associated with race-ethnicity and socioeconomic status.

Performance Funding of United States' Public Higher Education

2017 ◽  
pp. 496-517
Author(s):  
Mark M. Polatajko ◽  
Catherine H. Monaghan
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Performance Funding ◽  
State Funding ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Retention Rates ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Economic Progress

Policy makers around the globe are responsible for decision regarding the funding of higher education and the benchmarks of success. This chapter is geared toward higher education administration and leadership, especially those who shape policy in this arena. This quantitative study examined the effectiveness in the United States of allocating state resources to state public institutions of higher education by investigating the rate of change in the current benchmarks of success, which are graduation and retention rates. The findings revealed that the method of funding was not a statistically significant predictor of either the initial status or the rate of change of graduation rate or retention rate over the eight-year period, although institution type and enrollment were. The study recommends further research of performance funding outcomes, state funding levels, and other environmental factors as a means of helping administrators and policy makers in their quest to facilitate economic progress through an educated citizenry.

scholarly journals Flash Drought Characteristics Based on U.S. Drought Monitor

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 498 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Gwen Chen ◽  
Jon Gottschalck ◽  
Adam Hartman ◽  
David Miskus ◽  
Rich Tinker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Fast Development ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Understanding the characteristics of flash drought events and further predicting the onset of such events on subseasonal timescales is of critical importance for impact assessment, disaster mitigation, and loss prevention. In this study, we employ a rate-of-change approach and define a flash drought event as a drought event with greater than or equal to two categories degradation in a four-week period based on the U.S. Drought Monitor. Unlike conventional drought, which can occur year-round and everywhere in the United States, flash drought has preferred seasons and locations to occur, mostly in the warm season and over the central United States. Widespread flash drought over the United States is largely correlated with La Niña episodes. In contrast with conventional drought, which is mainly driven by precipitation deficits, anomalously high evapotranspiration rates, caused by anomalously high temperatures, winds, and/or incoming radiation, are usually present before the onset of flash drought. Comparing to precipitation and soil moisture, evapotranspiration typically has the largest decline rate during the fast-development phase. Three-month Standardized Precipitation Indexes are mostly dry right before flash drought onset, but large deficits are not required. As a result, monitoring rapid changes in evapotranspiration, along with precipitation and soil moisture conditions, can provide early warnings of flash drought development.

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