Politicizing the Past: The "Atthis" of Kleidemos

1994 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy McInerney
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Vase Painting ◽  
Democratic Leadership ◽  
Naval Power ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
Relief Sculpture ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The City ◽  
Democratic Constitution

Jacoby's influential opinion that the Atthidographers were part of the political discourse of the fourth century has been the subject of revision in recent years. His critics have argued that the genre of Atthidography is primarily antiquarian and that to look for partisan political attitudes in the Atthides is a mistake. An examination of the work of Kleidemos, however, reveals a coherent presentation of the Athenian past designed to vindicate the democratic constitution and to demonstrate the close connection between the democracy and Athens' naval power. This emerges most clearly in Kleidemos's treatment of three important democratic heroes: Theseus, Kleisthenes, and Themistokles. By the fourth century, Theseus had already emerged as the most popular Athenian hero. His accomplishments were modeled in part on the deeds of Herakles and were recorded in vase painting and relief sculpture, and on the walls of the Stoa Poikile. Kleidemos presented a distinctive account of Theseus, emphasizing his role in founding the Athenian navy in preparation for the expedition to Krete. Kleidemos portrayed him as a leader capable of defending Athens and making peace with Athens' enemies, first the Kretans and later the Amazons. This is a king in the tradition of Euripides' Theseus in the Suppliants, the ruler of a free and democratic city. The connection between democratic leadership, Athenian might, and the naval power of Athens is also underscored in Kleidemos's handling of Kleisthenes. Again, the information provided by Kleidemos is distinctive, inasmuch as he reports that it was Kleisthenes who was responsible for the system of naukrariai, which he likens to the symmories of the fourth century. Unlike the version of the Ath. Pol., which imagines the Kleisthenic demes replacing the Solonian naukrariai, Kleidemos saw the demes and naukrariai as complementary divisions, the former organizing the state's resources for the upkeep of the navy, and the latter establishing the political basis for the democracy. Themistokles is also given unique treatment. Kleidemos records the anecdote according to which Themistokles was responsible for the Battle of Salamis because he found sufficient money to man the ships when the generals had run out of funds and had ordered the abandonment of the city. He used the disappearance of the gorgoneion of the statue of Athena as an excuse to ransack the baggage of the Athenians and collect enough wealth to pay the fleet. The story is as tendentious as the account in the Ath. Pol., which gives the credit to the Areopagos. Both versions demonstrate how Athens' past had become a battleground in the political debates of the mid-fourth century. Unlike the epitaphios logos with its emphasis on the eternal and unchanging glory of Athens, the "Atthis" of Kleidemos attempted to prove that the greatness of Athens rested historically on three foundations: the heroes of the democracy, the democratic constitution, and the navy.

“PURGING THE ELITE” IN TYUMEN IN 1937-1938

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-192
Author(s):  
Anatoly A. KONONENKO ◽  
Artem A. Kononenko
Keyword(s):  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Party Organization ◽  
Collective Leadership ◽  
Effect Relationship ◽  
Security Service ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Structural Methods ◽  
The City

The political repressions of the 1930s in the USSR have repeatedly been the subject of interest of historians. Nevertheless, there are practically no studies of political repressions of the 1930s in relation to nomenklatura workers at the level of the provincial Siberian city of Tyumen. This article aims to reveal the cause-and-effect relationship in the issue of physical liquidation of the thinnest layer of the party-economic nomenklatura, using the case of the city party organization of the CPSU(b) of Tyumen in 1937-1938. We have restricted ourselves to one of the components of the “Great Terror”, namely to “purging the elite”. The research was conducted using the documents from two regional departments of the USSR Federal Security Service (FSB), former party archives of the Tyumen and Omsk regions, and periodicals. This required employing prosopographic, comparative-historical, problem-chronological, and system-structural methods. Such approach allowed clarifying the biographical data of the leaders of the city in 1936-1938 and classifying the criminal acts, incriminated to the accused. The results of a comprehensive analysis of the sources show that the cause of the personnel purge should be considered a violation of the imbalance between the limited collective leadership and the still limited one-man dictatorship of I. V. Stalin’s dictatorship. The limited collective leadership was no longer in line with the reality of one man’s increasing power. Rotation of undesirable workers as an alternative to personnel cleansing proved to be unsuccessful. The motive for repressions against workers who had never participated in the opposition was their casual contacts and acquaintances with former opposition figures described as “spies and terrorists” in 1937-1938. The party, Soviet, and Komsomol workers who had no such contacts, though subjected to repression, were rehabilitated. Finally, in terms of their educational and professional level, the new generation of city party workers did not differ from the previous one.

Review of periodical articles

Urban History ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-169
Author(s):  
BÄRBEL BRODT ◽  
PAUL ELLIOTT ◽  
BILL LUCKIN
Keyword(s):  
Social Geography ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Periodical Literature ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Archaeological Excavation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
English Articles ◽  
Medieval Archaeology ◽  
The City

Few – if any - would deny that cartography is one of the most essential disciplines within the multi-layered scope of urban history. Elizabeth Baigent pays tribute to the possibilities and problems posed by maps in her ‘Fact or fiction? Town maps as aids and snares to the historian’, Archives: The J. of the British Records Association, 29, 110 (2004), 24–37. By looking at a map of Gloucester, compiled in 1455, and two late medieval Bristol maps (one by Robert Ricart, the other by William Smith), she outlines their usefulness as well as the problems that the modern urban historian faces. Although medieval maps can clearly help to identify ‘lost’ streets, and to elucidate the town's social geography, it is essential to consider the purpose for which any individual map was drawn, the context in which it was published (and re-published) and not least the skills of the cartographer concerned. Cartography may be an essential tool for the urban historian, but there are many other tools and topics, and this year's medieval urban periodical literature again reflects the wide scope of the subject. This is especially true for the German language periodicals which tend to relate to traditionally powerful concepts rather than to recent departures. This trend largely reflects the nature of those periodicals concerned for they are almost entirely devoted to strictly local, or at most regional concerns. They are naturally home to brief essays on mainly local matters, particularly the commemoration of anniversaries of urban charters (e.g., Paul Wietzorek, ‘Zum Titelbild: 100 Jahre Stadtwappen Zons – 1904–2004’, Der Niederrhein. Die Zeitschrift des Vereins Niederrhein, 71, 1 (2004), 2–5; Paul Wietzorek, ‘Zum Titelbild: 750 Jahre Stadtrechte Grieth 1254–2004’, ibid., 71, 2 (2004), 54–5; Paul Wietzorek, ‘Zum Titelbild: 650 Jahre Stadt Dahlen (Rheindalen) 1354–2004’, ibid., 71, 3 (2004), 114–15), overviews of town histories (e.g. Eberhard Lebender, ‘Die Weizackerstadt Pyritz. Ein Gang durch die Geschichte – von der Bronzezeit bis zur Zerstörung 1945’, Pommern. Zeitschrift für Kultur und Geschichte, 42, 2 (2004), 8–17) and recent archaeological excavations (e.g., Sven Spiong, ‘Archäologische Ausgrabung an der Paderborner Stadtmauer’, Die Warte, 65, 123 (2004), 23–6; Sven Spiong, ‘Den Stiftsherren auf der Spur: Archäologische Ausgrabung nördlich der Busdorfkirche in Paderborn’, ibid., 65, 124 (2004), 9–10). Anna Helena Schubert's ‘Archäologische Untersuchungen im Bereich der “Untersten Stadtmühle” in Olpe’, Heimatstimmen aus dem Kreis Olpe, 75, 3 (2004), 195–202, is another example of local archaeological case studies. Olpe received its urban charter in 1311; in the German context such an urban charter necessarily involved fortification. Schubert is concerned whether the ‘lower mill’ which was situated outside the first urban wall was erected at the same time or at a later date than this wall, yet has to admit that despite extensive archaeological excavation this question has to remain – at least for the time – unanswered. English articles on local excavations are too numerous to be dealt with adequately in this short review. Two examples may suffice: Robert Cowie's ‘The evidence from royal sites in Middle Anglo-Saxon London’, Medieval Archaeology, 48 (2004), 201–8, looks at the evidence for palaces c. 650 – c. 850 that emerged from recent archaeological investigations in the Cripplegate area of the City and at the Treasury in Whitehall. Mary Alexander, Natasha Dodnell and Christopher Evans have published ‘A Roman cemetery in Jesus Lane, Cambridge’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 93 (2004), 67–94. 32 corpses were unearthed (three of them decapitated), and modest grave goods were found. This cemetery seems to have served a suburban settlement within the lower Roman town. Pottery assemblage indicates industrial activity. The excavation added significantly to our knowledge of the layout and scale of Roman Cambridge. Cambridge clearly remained a significant centre during the fourth century and sustained an economic and commercial role.

scholarly journals Situation of Official Schools in Erbil City 1980 – 1991

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-372
Author(s):  
Snur Sabah Sidiq
Keyword(s):  
Iraq War ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
The Political ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Cultural Importance ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The City

The subject of the official study conditions in the city of Erbil is of great historical and cultural importance, especially for the city that historians have confirmed in historical sources as one of the oldest cities in the world. The subject of the official study conditions in the city of Erbil for the period between 1980-1991 did not have the importance of being mentioned by researchers, and scientific research has not been conducted on it. Therefore, there is a scientific necessity to carry out such research. The reason for choosing the study period (1980 - 1991) is that because of the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq war in 1980, all aspects of life were affected by this war. Although this war ended in 1988, its effects and repercussions continued to affect the joints of Life in Iraq and the city of Erbil, in addition to the fact that political problems and convulsions grew and developed in that period until Iraq entered Kuwait in 1990, which resulted in wars and regional and internal problems in Iraq. Since that date, a new historical era has begun in the region. This study consists of an introduction to the topic in addition to two main axes and concluded with a list of sources and appendices, in the entry a summary of the official study in the city of Erbil for the period between 1970 - 1980 was presented, and the first axis was devoted to the political situation and the educational process for the period between 1980 - 1991, and in the second axis The laws, regulations, and educational curricula for the period between 1980 - 1991 are covered.

Rytuały w przestrzeni politycznej na przykładzie Ustki

2019 ◽  
Vol XV ◽  
pp. 125-140
Author(s):  
Maciej Rogulski
Keyword(s):  
State Power ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Space ◽  
Local Dimension ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The City

Rituals are of great importance in politics at every level. Rituals bind society and strengthen their identity. Besides rituals strengthen attach-ment to culture, land and state power. On the other hand state power increases legitimacy by performing respected rituals. There are many interesting ways to classify rituals in the literature on the subject. For the purpose of showing rituals in the political space of the city of Ustka, it seems appropriate to distinguish above all the rituals of a national char-acter and those of a local dimension. In the case concept of the ritual, however, there are no final divisions, and the boundaries that divide them are certainly not impassable.

HEURESIBIOS SON OF SYRISKOS AND THE QUESTION OF TYRANNY IN OLBIA PONTIKE (FIFTH–FOURTH CENTURY BC)

2018 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 399-414
Author(s):  
Joanna Porucznik
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
The Political ◽  
Achaemenid Empire ◽  
The North ◽  
Political Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Delian League ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The City

This paper examines the ancient written, numismatic and archaeological sources that pertain to the political history of Olbia Pontike in the fifth and early fourth century bc. Several Olbian inscriptions that mention a certain Heuresibios son of Syriskos have been connected with a possible episode of tyranny that may have taken place in the city of Olbia. Most of the inscriptions are in a poor state of preservation and their interpretation has often been based on uncertain reconstructions of the texts; therefore, a re-examination of these inscriptions is provided alongside an analysis of other evidence that provides a broader historical background to the political situation in Olbia during that time. Olbia's status in the Delian League and the Athenian political and cultural influence on Olbia are examined. It is argued that the introduction of a political cult of Zeus Eleutherios was a reaction to a political change in Olbia that resulted in the establishment of democracy. Lastly, the economic and political relationship of the Achaemenid Empire with the North Pontic region, especially in relation to local coinage, is discussed, which allows for a synthesis of the material gathered.

scholarly journals The state of public city protection movements (on the example of Barnaul)

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
Dmitrii Anatolevich Kachusov
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
City Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The City

The subject of this article is the city protection movement in Barnaul. On the background of strengthening of authoritarian trends in political life of the country, takes place reorientation of the vector of civil activity from solution of the political problems of federal scale towards the local social issues. Namely the local public movements become an important element in the society of separate cities that allow the interaction between civil activists, society, and municipal authorities. The advancement of Internet and social networks greatly contributed to broadening of the audience of city protection communities, growth of opportunities for their influence upon public consciousness and government authorities. Assessment of the size, publication activity and staff composition of the city mono-problem communities in social networks in the key method for studying the city public movements. The research determined the presents of a number of organizations in Barnaul oriented toward the general questions (preservation of historical center of the city, protection of park zones, etc.), as well as solution of particular problems. The author also underlines a large portion of youth (below 30 years of age) among the members of city protection communities. Despite the fact that currently the social database is restricted, members of the communities actively participate in city life, using the Internet as an environment for public self-presentation and channel for communication with population, government, and mass media.

scholarly journals CIDADE HISTÓRICA TURÍSTICA, GLOBALIZAÇÃO E IDENTIDADES: conflitos e rearranjos na Cidade de Goiás (GO) observados na alimentação

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (02) ◽  
pp. 126-152
Author(s):  
Caio César Alencar de Sena
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
The Political ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Global Networks ◽  
Identity Constructions ◽  
Central Objective ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Tourist Region ◽  
The City

Este artigo discute a problemática da construção de identidades no território inserido nas redes globais. Considera-se enquanto recorte espacial a cidade de Goiás, dentro da Região Turística do Ouro em Goiás. O objetivo central é verificar de que forma traços da alimentação podem compor a identidade dos territórios e dos sujeitos. Busca-se ainda compreender os conflitos entre o tradicional e o moderno em um território tombado como patrimônio, que ao longo dos últimos anos passaram a ser atravessadas por símbolos e referências culturais forçadas pela intensificação da globalização. A metodologia desta pesquisa contou com revisão bibliográfica sobre a temática, dois trabalhos de campo, entrevistas semiestruturadas com moradores e turistas na Cidade de Goiás, espacialização de dados em mapas e registros fotográficos dos territórios analisados. Os resultados apontam que as construções identitárias são sempre plurais e construídas historicamente. Muitas vezes, as identidades sofrem reducionismos ou generalização em nome de uma possível representatividade de um território, um povo ou uma nação. Notou-se ainda que mesmo quando pouco percebidas no plano político e cultural, as identidades são utilizadas estrategicamente para controlar os territórios e construir estereótipos acerca das pessoas, dos lugares e das coisas. Palavras-chave: Identidade. Território. Alimentação e Turismo. Região Turística do Ouro. Cristais.   TOURIST HISTORICAL CITY, GLOBALIZATION AND IDENTITIES: conflicts and rearrangements in the City of Goiás (GO) observed in food  ABSTRACT This article discusses the problem of the construction of identities in the territory inserted in the global networks. The central objective is to verify how traces of food can reveal and build the identity of territories. The specific objectives are to understand the conflicts between the traditional and the modern in a heritage land, which over the last years have been crossed by symbols and cultural references forced by the intensification of globalization. The methodology of this research include a bibliographical review on the subject, two field studies, semi-structured interviews with residents and tourists in Cidade de Goiás, spatialisation of data on maps and photographic records of the analyzed territories. The results point out that identity constructions are always plural and built. Often identities are reduced or generalized in the name of a possible representation of a territory, a people or a nation. It was also noted that even when little perceived in the political and cultural spheres, identities are used strategically to control territories and construct stereotypes about people, places and things. Keywords: Identity. Territory. Food and Tourism. Gold Tourist Region. Crystals.   CIUDAD HISTÓRICA TURÍSTICA, GLOBALIZACIÓN E IDENTIDADES: conflictos y rearranjos en la Ciudad de Goiás (GO) observados en la alimentación RESUMEN Este artículo discute la problemática de la construcción de identidades en el territorio insertado en las redes globales. Se considera como recorte espacial la Ciudad de Goiás, dentro de la Región Turística del Oro en Goiás. El objetivo central es verificar de qué forma rasgos de la alimentación pueden componer la identidad de los territorios y de los sujetos. Los objetivos específicos son comprender los conflictos entre lo tradicional y lo moderno en un territorio tumbado como patrimonio, que a lo largo de los últimos años pasaron a ser atravesados por símbolos y referencias culturales forzadas por la intensificación de la globalización. La metodología de esta investigación contó con revisión bibliográfica sobre la temática, dos trabajos de campo, entrevistas semiestructuradas con moradores y turistas en la Ciudad de Goiás, espacialización de datos en mapas y registros fotográficos de los territorios analizados. Los resultados apuntan que las construcciones identitarias son siempre plurales y construidas históricamente. Muchas veces, las identidades sufren reduccionismos o generalización en nombre de una posible representatividad de un territorio, un pueblo o una nación. Se notó que incluso cuando poco percibidas en el plano político y cultural, las identidades son utilizadas estratégicamente para controlar los territorios y construir estereotipos acerca de las personas, de los lugares y de las cosas. Palabras clave: Identidad. Territorio. Alimentación y Turismo. Región Turística del Oro. Cristales.

scholarly journals As funções sociais da cidade e a Constituição federal de 1988: das Cartas de Atenas à ordem pluralista constitucional / The city’s social functions and the 1988 Federal Constitution: from Athens Letters to the constitutional pluralist order

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 152-174
Author(s):  
Emerson Affonso da Costa Moura
Keyword(s):  
Urban Policy ◽  
Political Order ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Constitutional Order ◽  
Federal Constitution ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The City

ResumoA identificação de uma noção e conteúdo das funções sociais da cidade diante da insuficiência da regulação normativa e da divergência doutrinária, que se adéque as finalidades da ordem política e a função promocional do Direito, bem como, aos bens e valores fundamentais tutelados pela ordem constitucional é o tema posto em debate. Verifica-se em que medida, as funções sociais da cidade não podem se limitar àquelas previstas nas Cartas de Atenas, mas devem abranger e concretizar igualmente os princípios, objetivos, programas, direitos e garantias constitucionais.Palavras-chave: Direito da cidade; política urbana; funções sociais da cidade; Carta de Atenas; Constituição de 1988. AbstractThe identification of a notion and content of the social functions of the city in face of the insufficiency of normative regulation and doctrinal divergence, which adapts the aims of the political order and the promotional function of Law, as well as to the fundamental goods and values protected by constitutional order is the subject of debate. It is verified to what extent, the social functions of the city cannot be limited to those provided for in the Letters of Athens, but must also encompass and concretize the constitutional principles, objectives, programs, rights and guarantees.Keywords: City law; urban policy; social functions of the city; Athens Charter; 1988 Constitution.

A Note on The Political Implications of Proxenia In The Fourth Century B.C.

1958 ◽  
Vol 8 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 185-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Perlman
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Main Line ◽  
The Political ◽  
Popular Vote ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

In his speech against Meidias Demosthenes describes the arrogant and proud behaviour of his opponent in which Meidias persists in spite of the popular vote condemning him. Whenever there is voting, Demosthenes says, Meidias is put forward as a candidate; he is the proxenos of Plutarch, he knows everything, the city is too small for his aspirations. This illustration of the enormous popularity of an Athenian politician shows his predominant influence in the two spheres of domestic and foreign policy. The main line of this foreign policy —the passage is obviously intended as an accusation—is expressed by the relationship of proxenia and xenia between Meidias and Plutarch, the leading politician of Eretria who, pro-Athenian at first, changed his attitude and almost brought disaster on the Athenian army intervening in Euboea.

Die Fresken des Palazzo Spreca

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 348-374
Author(s):  
Petra Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The Political ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Negotiation Processes ◽  
Good Government ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The City

Abstract In the 1470s, Domenico Spreca, a citizen of Viterbo, commissioned a cycle of virtues for the sala on the upper floor of his palazzo. From 2012 to 2018, the frescoes, largely unknown in (art) historical research, were the subject of legal proceedings and, on a regional level, of public debate over the preservation of cultural heritage. Over these years, it became clear that objects not only require financial resources to protect and preserve them over the centuries, but also need to be part of a narrative. Such a narrative was lost at an early stage, although the frescoes bear extraordinary witness to the negotiation processes of the 15th century concerning political virtues. In this paper, I argue that the cycle of virtues should be interpreted as an allegory of good government. Domenico Spreca addressed the conditions of loyalty (fidelitas)/obedience (oboedientia) on the one hand and the authority (auctoritas) of the superiores – the Pope, the Curia and the Rector of the Patrimonium Petri in Tuscia – on the other. To facilitate comprehension of this interpretation, the frescoes will be embedded in the political culture of Viterbo. To this end, their interpretation will be preceded by observations on the institutional establishment of papal authority in the city and on how its citizens dealt with it in the 1450s and 1460s: an authority that they legitimised on the basis of its pacification of factional struggles within the city and demanded for this purpose, from which they benefited and whose arbitrariness they attempted to curtail.

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