Who Is a Pole and Where Is Poland? Territory and Nation in the Rhetoric of Polish National Democracy before 1905

Slavic Review ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Democratic Movement ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Baltic

At the turn of the twentieth century most Polish political activists dreamed of recreating the Polish state, although they disagreed about where the new Poland should be located and whom it should include. In the years before 1905 the National Democratic movement—the “Endecja,” as it was commonly called—envisioned an expansive Poland stretching from the Baltic to the Black Sea, and from the Dnieper to the Oder. How could a movement which came to be known for its pragmatism and tactical flexibility espouse such an unrealistic, if not absurd, ambition? How could nationalists who insisted upon cultural unity desire a nation which would include millions who neither spoke the Polish language nor considered themselves to be Poles? This article will argue that these questions can be illuminated by examining the Endecja's definition of that enigmatic Polish term, naród (nation).

scholarly journals THE INTERMARIUM PARADOX

2020 ◽  
Vol 2(13)/2019 (2(13)/2019) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Paweł GOTOWIECKI
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The Baltic

The paper concerns the concept of Intermarium from a historical perspective, seen from the Polish point of view. The author presents the genesis of this concept, its historical premises, unsuccessful attempts to build a collective safety system in Central and Eastern Europe in the 20th century, and finally reflects on the chance of contemporary integration initiatives in the area between the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea. In his speech, the author focuses on the title Intermarium paradox, indicating that in the twentieth century integration attempts had no chance of success, because none of the countries in this part of the continent was a sufficient centre of power - while the unification of Central and Eastern Europe was undertaken by external centres of power, on by the coercion principles.

THE CONCEPT OF THE BALTIC-BLACK SEA ARC AND UKRAINIAN FOREIGN POLICY (1990 - EARLY 2000)

2020 ◽  
pp. 89-108
Author(s):  
Alexandr S. Levchenkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Caspian Region ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Eastern Baltic ◽  
Post Soviet Space

The article analyzes the influence of the concepts of the Intermarium and the Baltic-Black Sea Arc on the formation of Ukraine’s foreign policy in 1990 – early 2000. The use of these concepts in American, European and Ukrainian geopolitical thought, which historically included the idea of opposing Russian influence in the region, contributed to the increase in tension and was aimed at further disintegration of the Western flank of the post-Soviet space. The article proves that the design of the Euro-Atlantic vector of Ukraine’s foreign policy was already active under the first two Ukrainian presidents – Leonid Kravchuk (1991–1994) and Leonid Kuchma (1994–2005). One of the concrete attempts to implement the idea of forming a common political, economic, transport and logistics space of the Black Sea-Caspian region with a promising expansion of the cooperation zone to the whole of Eastern Europe and the Eastern Baltic during the presidency of Leonid Kuchma was the foundation and launch of a new regional organization, Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, better known as GUAM (composed by the initial letters of names of member states – Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Moldova; when Uzbekistan was also a member of Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, the name of the organization was GUUAM), which is an alternative to Eurasian projects with the participation of Russia.

scholarly journals The Dark Sea in De administrando imperio: The Baltic or the Black Sea?

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milenko Lončar ◽  
Teuta Serreqi Jurić
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Baltic

scholarly journals Timescale for Climatic Events of Subboreal/Subatlantic Transition Recorded at the Valakupiai Site, Lithuania

Radiocarbon ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 889-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Pawlyta ◽  
Algirdas Gaigalas ◽  
Adam Michczyński ◽  
Anna Pazdur ◽  
Aleksander Sanko
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Basal Part ◽  
Oxbow Lake ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Mollusk Fauna ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Lake Deposits

Oxbow lake deposits of the Neris River at the Valakupiai site in Vilnius (Lithuania) have been studied by different methods including radiocarbon dating. A timescale was attained for the development of the oxbow lake and climatic events recorded in the sediments. 14C dates obtained for 24 samples cover the range 990–6500 BP (AD 580 to 5600 BC). Medieval human activity was found in the upper part of the sediments. Mollusk fauna found in the basal part of the terrace indicate contact between people living in the Baltic and the Black Sea basins. Mean rates were calculated for erosion of the river and for accumulation during the formation of the first terrace.

The selected hydrotechnical conditions of the Dnieper – Bug Channel and the Pripyat River in the development of the International Waterway E40

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Marcin Kalinowski
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Inland Waterways ◽  
Inland Waterway ◽  
The Baltic

International waterway E40 (MDW E40) is included in the network of inland waterways of transnational importance. It is a link between two areas: the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea. E40 route runs through three countries: Poland, Belarus and Ukraine. The article presents the results of the study on the analysis of two very important sections of the MDW E40 on the Belarusian section, it is:. the Dnieper – Bug Channel and the Pripy River. Both elements from the point of view of navigability are the most important links throughout the Belarusian section of the waterway. This article will be useful for the development of plans for revitalization of the international waterway E40 not only on the Belarus part, but also in Poland and Ukraine. Due to the accession and signature by Poland of the AGN Convention in January 2017, the article can be a material to supporting state policy in the context of the development of the inland waterway system in Poland and Europe.

Russian A2/AD systems will undermine NATO credibility

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Electronic Warfare ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Baltic

Significance The emergence of Russian A2/AD zones in the High North, the Baltic Sea, the eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea impacts NATO's ability to operate in key regions of interest to the alliance, and could threaten NATO's ability to reinforce its allies in a crisis or during wartime. Impacts Russian A2/AD will drive NATO requirements for specific capabilities, including electronic warfare and stealthier systems. Georgia and Moldova will watch NATO's engagement with its eastern members closely for strong commitments. Covert Russian operations in the Baltic states form a more realistic scenario than overt military intervention.

scholarly journals Chara baltica (Charophyceae, Charales) from the Black Sea Region and Taxonomic Implications of Extrastipulodes

Botanica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-137
Author(s):  
Roman Romanov ◽  
Daria Korolesova ◽  
Dmitry Afanasyev ◽  
Liubov Zhakova
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Taxonomic Implications ◽  
The Baltic

AbstractChara baltica (Hartm.) Bruz. was found in the bays of the northern part of the Black Sea as a result of our joint efforts for clarification of some charophyte species from the region. The species was reported new to Ukraine. This is the first reliable record of this species in the Black Sea Region and Russia. In the studied populations, C. baltica had a variable arrangement of stipulodes because of the presence of extrastipulodes as a common trait. The morphology of the specimens studied may suggest a possible explanation of old uncheckable regional records of C. horrida Wahlst., species known from the Baltic Sea only. The worldwide range of C. baltica was summarised with a map according to the published records, GBIF data and some checked specimens. It highlighted the records, which need to be confirmed. The presence of extrastipulodes in the specimen studied, as well as the indication and illustration of some species of charophytes, allowed to suggest several additions to the terminology of charophyte morphology useful for further studies. Their application was demonstrated with the specimens studied and the illustrations published elsewhere.

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