Genetic Constraints on the Independent Evolution of Male and Female Reproductive Characters in the Tristylous Plant Lythrum salicaria

Evolution ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela O'Neil ◽  
Johanna Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Lythrum Salicaria ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Genetic Constraints ◽  
Independent Evolution ◽  
Reproductive Characters

Taxonomy and reproduction in Australian species of Diliphus (Dictyotales, Phaeophyta)

1992 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 657 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Species Concepts ◽  
Species Discrimination ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Species Descriptions ◽  
Reproductive Characters ◽  
Size And Structure

Eight species of Dilophus are recognised for Australia. Detailed descriptions are given for five species, D. fastigiatus, D. gunnianus, D. intermedius, D. marginatus and D. robustus. D. moniliformis and D. crinitus from Western Australia and D. decumbens from subantarctic Macquarie I. remain poorly known. Sporophytes and gametophytes are reported for the five species providing first records of sporophytes of D. robustus, female gametophytes of D. intermedius, and both male and female gametophytes of D. robustus and D. marginatus. The arrangement and structure of sporangia and gametangia have been intensively studied and many reproductive characters not previously used in species discrimination have been incorporated into species' descriptions and used to develop species' concepts. Species are delimited on the following combination of characters: arrangement, size and structure of sporangia, arrangement and structure of gametangia, and the number of medullary cell layers.

scholarly journals Sexual conflict selects for male and female reproductive characters

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 489-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J Hosken ◽  
T.W.J Garner ◽  
P.I Ward
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Reproductive Characters

scholarly journals Phenological shifts of native and invasive species under climate change: insights from the Boechera–Lythrum model

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1712) ◽  
pp. 20160032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert I. Colautti ◽  
Jon Ågren ◽  
Jill T. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Lythrum Salicaria ◽  
Genetic Constraints ◽  
Floral Phenology ◽  
Phenological Shifts ◽  
Delayed Flowering

Warmer and drier climates have shifted phenologies of many species. However, the magnitude and direction of phenological shifts vary widely among taxa, and it is often unclear when shifts are adaptive or how they affect long-term viability. Here, we model evolution of flowering phenology based on our long-term research of two species exhibiting opposite shifts in floral phenology: Lythrum salicaria , which is invasive in North America, and the sparse Rocky Mountain native Boechera stricta . Genetic constraints are similar in both species, but differences in the timing of environmental conditions that favour growth lead to opposite phenological shifts under climate change. As temperatures increase, selection is predicted to favour earlier flowering in native B. stricta while reducing population viability, even if populations adapt rapidly to changing environmental conditions. By contrast, warming is predicted to favour delayed flowering in both native and introduced L. salicaria populations while increasing long-term viability. Relaxed selection from natural enemies in invasive L. salicaria is predicted to have little effect on flowering time but a large effect on reproductive fitness. Our approach highlights the importance of understanding ecological and genetic constraints to predict the ecological consequences of evolutionary responses to climate change on contemporary timescales. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences’.

scholarly journals Sex- and genotype-effects on nutrient-dependent fitness landscapes in Drosophila melanogaster

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Florencia Camus ◽  
Kevin Fowler ◽  
Matthew W.D. Piper ◽  
Max Reuter
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Genetic Constraints ◽  
Dietary Requirements ◽  
Metabolic Variation ◽  
Biochemical Analyses

AbstractThe sexes perform different reproductive roles and have evolved sometimes strikingly different phenotypes. One focal point of adaptive divergence occurs in the context of diet and metabolism, and males and females of a range of species have been shown to require different nutrients to maximise their fitness. Biochemical analyses in Drosophila melanogaster have confirmed that dimorphism in dietary requirements is associated with molecular sex-differences in metabolite titres. In addition, they also showed significant within-sex genetic variation in the metabolome. To date however, it is unknown whether this metabolic variation translates into differences in reproductive fitness. The answer to this question is crucial to establish whether genetic variation is selectively neutral or indicative of constraints on sex-specific physiological adaptation and optimisation. Here we assay genetic variation in consumption and metabolic fitness effects by screening male and female fitness of thirty D. melanogaster genotypes across four protein-to-carbohydrate ratios. In addition to confirming sexual dimorphism in consumption and fitness, we find significant genetic variation in male and female dietary requirements. Importantly, these differences are not explained by feeding responses and most likely reflect metabolic variation that, in turn, suggest the presence of genetic constraints on metabolic dimorphism.

scholarly journals Sex and genotype effects on nutrient-dependent fitness landscapes in Drosophila melanogaster

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1869) ◽  
pp. 20172237 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Florencia Camus ◽  
Kevin Fowler ◽  
Matthew W. D. Piper ◽  
Max Reuter
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Genetic Constraints ◽  
Dietary Requirements ◽  
Metabolic Variation ◽  
Biochemical Analyses

The sexes perform different reproductive roles and have evolved sometimes strikingly different phenotypes. One focal point of adaptive divergence occurs in the context of diet and metabolism, and males and females of a range of species have been shown to require different nutrients to maximize their fitness. Biochemical analyses in Drosophila melanogaster have confirmed that dimorphism in dietary requirements is associated with molecular sex differences in metabolite titres. In addition, they also showed significant within-sex genetic variation in the metabolome. To date however, it is unknown whether this metabolic variation translates into differences in reproductive fitness. The answer to this question is crucial to establish whether genetic variation is selectively neutral or indicative of constraints on sex-specific physiological adaptation and optimization. Here we assay genetic variation in consumption and metabolic fitness effects by screening male and female fitness of thirty D. melanogaster genotypes across four protein-to-carbohydrate ratios. In addition to confirming sexual dimorphism in consumption and fitness, we find significant genetic variation in male and female dietary requirements. Importantly, these differences are not explained by feeding responses and probably reflect metabolic variation that, in turn, suggests the presence of genetic constraints on metabolic dimorphism.

scholarly journals Reproductive ecology of the Australian herb Trachymene incisa subsp.incisa (Apiaceae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne C. Davila ◽  
Glenda M. Wardle
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Reproductive Ecology ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Perennial Herb ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Pollen Presentation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Diversity Of Life ◽  
Reproductive Characters

Within the Apiaceae, subtle variation in reproductive characters such as dichogamy, pollinator specificity and umbel density may cause cryptic specialisation and be responsible for the diversity of life histories and gender expression in the family. To address the paucity of information for Australian species we investigated the reproductive ecology of the native perennial herb, Trachymene incisa Rudge subsp. incisa. T. incisa exhibits protandry within flowers and umbels; however, an overlap of 3 days in male and female phases among umbels of consecutive orders permits geitonogamous pollination. There are 72 ± 2.0 (n = 74) white flowers per umbel and nectar is presented during the male and female phases. Apis mellifera appears to be the main diurnal pollinator. The pollen : ovule ratio is 1902 : 1, indicating that T. incisa is a facultatively xenogamous species. The long phase of pollen presentation and the low natural seed set of about 45% implies that many flowers are functioning as pollen donors only. Controlled pollination experiments showed that self-pollen led to lower seed set than cross, open and supplemental applications. Early and late-produced cohorts differed in days to emergence but not in seed mass or final percentage emergence.

scholarly journals Correlated evolution between male and female primary reproductive characters in seed beetles

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 634-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Liljestrand Rönn ◽  
Mari Katvala ◽  
Göran Arnqvist
Keyword(s):  
Correlated Evolution ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Seed Beetles ◽  
Reproductive Characters
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