The Role of Statistical Models

1992 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 343
Author(s):  
D. R. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Models

ASYMMETRIES IN UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR The Role of Method and Statistics

2000 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Paolillo
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Universal Grammar ◽  
Nonnative Speakers ◽  
Potential Explanation ◽  
Differential Learning ◽  
Grammaticality Judgments

Felix (1988) claimed to demonstrate that UG-based knowledge of grammaticality causes nonnative speakers (NNSs) to have more accurate grammaticality judgments on sentences that are ungrammatical according to UG than on those that are grammatical. Birdsong (1994) criticized the methodology employed, noting that it ignores “response bias” (a propensity to judge sentences as ungrammatical) as a potential explanation. Felix and Zobl (1994) dismissed this criticism as merely methodological. In this paper, Birdsong's criticism is upheld by considering a statistical model of the data. At the same time, a more complete logistic regression model allows a fuller statistical analysis, revealing tentative support for the asymmetry claim, as well as differential learning states for different constructions and a tendency toward transfer avoidance. These theoretically significant effects were unnoticed in the earlier discussion of this research. For SLA research on grammaticality judgments to proceed fruitfully, appropriate statistical models need to be considered in designing the research.

Repeat Litigators and Agenda Setting on the Supreme Court of Canada

2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 811-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy B. Flemming ◽  
Glen S. Krutz
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Supreme Court Of Canada ◽  
High Courts ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Selection Of

The expanding public policy role of high courts heightens concerns over whether societal and political inequalities affect the outcomes of litigation. However, comparative research on this question is limited. This article assesses whether status inequalities between parties and differences in the experience and resources of attorneys influence the selection of cases for judicial review in the Supreme Court of Canada. A series of statistical models reveal that governments are more likely than other parties to influence whether leave is granted but that the experience and resources of lawyers, unlike in the United States, have little impact. The decentralized, low volume and high access features of the Canadian process may explain this finding.

Studying Mechanisms To Strengthen Causal Inferences In Quantitative Research

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hedström
Keyword(s):  
Causal Inference ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Statistical Inference ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Social Outcomes ◽  
Causal Inferences ◽  
The Social

This article emphasizes various ways by which the study of mechanisms can make quantitative research more useful for causal inference. It concentrates on three aspects of the role of mechanisms in causal and statistical inference: how an understanding of the mechanisms at work can improve statistical inference by guiding the specification of the statistical models to be estimated; how mechanisms can strengthen causal inferences by improving our understanding of why individuals do what they do; and how mechanism-based models can strengthen causal inferences by showing why, acting as they do, individuals bring about the social outcomes they do. There has been a surge of interest in mechanism-based explanations, in political science as well as in sociology. Most of this work has been vital and valuable in that it has sought to clarify the distinctiveness of the approach and to apply it empirically.

scholarly journals Circadian Models of Serum Potassium, Sodium, and Calcium Concentrations in Healthy Individuals and Their Application to Cardiac Electrophysiology Simulations at Individual Level

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil Fijorek ◽  
Miroslawa Puskulluoglu ◽  
Sebastian Polak
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Models ◽  
Cardiac Electrophysiology ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Biological Clocks ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Potassium Sodium ◽  
Circadian Fluctuation ◽  
Model Equations

In the article a brief description of the biological basis of the regulation of human biological clocks was presented in order to introduce the role of circadian rhythms in physiology and specifically in the pharmacological translational tools based on the computational physiology models to motivate the need to provide models of circadian fluctuation in plasma cations. The main aim of the study was to develop statistical models of the circadian rhythm of potassium, sodium, and calcium concentrations in plasma. The developed ion models were further tested by assessing their influence on QT duration (cardiac endpoint) as simulated by the biophysically detailed models of human left ventricular cardiomyocyte. The main results are model equations along with an electronic supplement to the article that contains a fully functional implementation of all models.

scholarly journals Factors explaining the changes in the rankings of Polish cities’ economic position (1992-2013)

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
Julita Łukomska
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Economic Position

AbstractA nation’s economic potential is always concentrated within cities. Polish cities were faced with quite radical changes in the last two decades. During this period, some cities saw losses of more and more citizens and were not ready to develop new economic approaches. Other cities were able to attract both people and businesses. The main objective of the article is to identify the changes in the economic position of Polish cities and the factors which were the driving forces behind them (including, in particular, the role of European integration). Results of the conducted regression analyses confirm that it is easier to identify “losing” factors (e.g. dependency on declining industry) than “winning” ones (as they are more individualized and more difficult to capture in statistical models).The availability of EU funds for local governments has been confirmed to be a significant factor explaining the changes in the economic position of Polish cities.

scholarly journals Toward the Applicability of Statistics: A Representational View

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-129
Author(s):  
Mahdi Ashoori ◽  
S. Mahmoud Taheri
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Modeling ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Statistical Estimation ◽  
Target System ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Positive Representation ◽  
Methodology Of Science ◽  
Selection Of

The problem of understanding how statistical inference is, and can be, applied in  empirical sciences is important for the methodology of science. It is the objective of this paper  to gain a better understanding of the role of statistical methods in scientific modeling. The  important question of whether the applicability reduces to the representational properties  of statistical models is discussed. It will be shown that while the answer to this question  is positive, representation in statistical models is not purely structural. In spite of the fact  that representation in statistical models is based on the structural similarities between the  statistical model and the empirical systems under study, these relationships are shown to be  appropriate for representing relations in the target system by agent function, too. A second  aspect of the paper involves the claim that agent-based components of statistical modeling  are: a) interpretation of random variables, b) selection of the goal of statistical research, and  c) selection of estimator properties. To justify these claims, a preliminary discussion will be  presented on the role of statistics in modeling, as in regression and other structural models.  This role will be explored and realized using a structural viewpoint. Also the role of statistical  estimation in statistical modeling is discussed to explain the representational role of models  and the inferential role of the agent in modeling. 

Comparing Models of Strategic Choice: The Role of Uncertainty and Signaling

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Wand
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Models ◽  
Structural Models ◽  
Strategic Choice ◽  
Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium ◽  
Quantal Response ◽  
Equilibrium Solutions ◽  
Equilibrium Models ◽  
Extensive Form ◽  
Bayesian Equilibrium

Testing the fit of competing equilibrium solutions to extensive form games crucially depends on assumptions about the distribution of player types. To illustrate the importance of these assumptions for differentiating standard statistical models of strategic choice, I draw on a game previously analyzed by Lewis and Schultz (2003). The differences that they highlight between a pair of perfect Bayesian equilibrium and quantal response equilibrium models are not produced by signaling and updating dynamics as claimed, but are instead produced by different assumptions about the distribution of player types. The method of analysis developed and the issues raised are applicable to a broad range of structural models of conflict and bargaining.

Scientific Explanation

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad Skow
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Causal Explanation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Causal Explanations ◽  
Pragmatic Theory ◽  
Causal Theories

This chapter argues that the notion of explanation relevant to the philosophy of science is that of an answer to a why-question. From this point of view it surveys most of the historically important theories of explanation. Hempel’s deductive-nomological, and inductive-statistical, models of explanation required explanations to cite laws. Familiar counterexamples to these models suggested that laws are not needed, and instead that explanations should cite causes. One theory of causal explanation, David Lewis’s, is discussed in some detail. Many philosophers now reject causal theories of explanation because they think that there are non-causal explanations; some examples are reviewed. The role of probabilities and statistics in explanation, and their relation to causation, is also discussed. Another strategy for dealing with counterexamples to Hempel’s theory leads to unificationist theories of explanation. Kitcher's unificationist theory is presented, and a new argument against unificationist theories is offered. Also discussed in some detail are Van Fraassen’s pragmatic theory, and Streven’s and Woodward’s recent theories of causal explanation.

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