Comparison of Russell's resolution of the semantical antinomies with that of Tarski

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alonzo Church
Keyword(s):  
Type Theory ◽  
Simple Theory ◽  
Vicious Circle ◽  
New Members ◽  
Domain Type ◽  
Individual Variables ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Essential Restriction

In this paper we treat the ramified type theory of Russell [6], afterwards adopted by Whitehead and Russell in Principia mathematica [12], so that we may compare Russell's resolution of the semantical antinomies by ramified type theory with the now widely accepted resolution of them by the method of Tarski in [7], [8], [9].To avoid impredicativity the essential restriction is that quantification over any domain (type) must not be allowed to add new members to the domain, as it is held that adding new members changes the meaning of quantification over the domain in such a way that a vicious circle results. As Whitehead and Russell point out, there is no one particular form of the doctrine of types that is indispensable to accomplishing this restriction, and they have themselves offered two different versions of the ramified hierarchy in the first edition of Principia (see Preface, p. vii). The version in §§58–59 of the writer's [1], which will be followed in this paper, is still slightly different.To distinguish Russellian types or types in the sense of the ramified hierarchy from types in the sense of the simple theory of types, let us call the former r-types.There is an r-type i to which the individual variables belong. If β1, β2, …, βm are any given r-types, m ≧ 0, there is an r-type (β1, β2, …, βm)/n to which there belong m-ary functional variables of level n, n ≧ 1. The r-type (α1, α2, …, αm)/k is said to be directly lower than the r-type (β1, β2, …, βm)/n if α1 = β1, α2 = β2, …, αm = βm, k < n.

Development of a German-Language Questionnaire to Measure Collective Orientation as an Individual Attitude

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Hagemann
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
German Language ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Collective Orientation ◽  
Team Research ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Individual Variables ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The individual attitudes of every single team member are important for team performance. Studies show that each team member’s collective orientation – that is, propensity to work in a collective manner in team settings – enhances the team’s interdependent teamwork. In the German-speaking countries, there was previously no instrument to measure collective orientation. So, I developed and validated a German-language instrument to measure collective orientation. In three studies (N = 1028), I tested the validity of the instrument in terms of its internal structure and relationships with other variables. The results confirm the reliability and validity of the instrument. The instrument also predicts team performance in terms of interdependent teamwork. I discuss differences in established individual variables in team research and the role of collective orientation in teams. In future research, the instrument can be applied to diagnose teamwork deficiencies and evaluate interventions for developing team members’ collective orientation.

scholarly journals Eight Simple Guidelines for Improved Understanding of Transformations and Nonlinear Effects

2021 ◽  
pp. 109442812199190
Author(s):  
Mikko Rönkkö ◽  
Eero Aalto ◽  
Henni Tenhunen ◽  
Miguel I. Aguirre-Urreta
Keyword(s):  
Generalized Linear Model ◽  
Functional Form ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Nonlinear Effects ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Organizational Research ◽  
Common Practices ◽  
Individual Variables ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Transforming variables before analysis or applying a transformation as a part of a generalized linear model are common practices in organizational research. Several methodological articles addressing the topic, either directly or indirectly, have been published in the recent past. In this article, we point out a few misconceptions about transformations and propose a set of eight simple guidelines for addressing them. Our main argument is that transformations should not be chosen based on the nature or distribution of the individual variables but based on the functional form of the relationship between two or more variables that is expected from theory or discovered empirically. Building on a systematic review of six leading management journals, we point to several ways the specification and interpretation of nonlinear models can be improved.

Error Analysis of a Mobile Terrestrial LiDAR System

GEOMATICA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Leslar ◽  
B. Hu ◽  
J.G. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Error Sources ◽  
Terrestrial Lidar ◽  
Lever Arm ◽  
Ideal Situation ◽  
Individual Variables ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Source Of Error

The understanding of the effects of error on Mobile Terrestrial LiDAR (MTL) point clouds has not increased with their popularity. In this study, comprehensive error analyses based on error propagation theory and global sensitivity study were carried out to quantitatively describe the effects of various error sources in a MTL system on the point cloud. Two scenarios were envisioned; the first using the uncertainties for measurement and calibration variables that are normally expected for MTL systems as they exist today, and the second using an ideal situation where measurement and calibration values have been well adjusted. It was found that the highest proportion of error in the point cloud can be attributed to the boresight and lever arm parameters for MTL systems calibrated using non-rigours methods. In particular, under a loosely controlled error condition, the LiDAR to INS Z lever arm and the LiDAR to INS roll angle contributed more error in the output point cloud than any other parameter, including the INS position. Under tightly controlled error conditions, the INS position became the dominant source of error in the point cloud. In addition, conditional variance analysis has shown that the majority of the error in a point cloud can be attributed to the individual variables. Errors caused by the interactions between the diverse variables are minimal and can be regarded as insignificant.

Postgraduate Medical Education

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 876-876
Author(s):  
Norman A. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Postgraduate Medical Education ◽  
Round Table ◽  
Vicious Circle ◽  
Circle Process ◽  
The Individual

With seasonal regularity the practicing pediatrician must decide exactly which seminar, round table, or postgraduate course he will take this time. Unfortunately, like the individual with a tin ear who always selects the same tune, the man in practice tends to select for study those subjects he is most interested in and, therefore, most familiar with. He thus becomes even more deficient in those areas where his knowledge is always lacking; the whole vicious circle process being somewhat at odds with the professed goals of postgraduate medical education.

Social Identities, Group Formation, and the Analysis of Online Communities

2010 ◽  
pp. 1346-1361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillianne R. Code ◽  
Nicholas E. Zaparyniuk
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Online Communities ◽  
Collective Identity ◽  
Online Social Networks ◽  
Online Social Network ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
New Members ◽  
The Individual

Central to research in social psychology is the means in which communities form, attract new members, and develop over time. Research has found that the relative anonymity of Internet communication encourages self-expression and facilitates the formation of relationships based on shared values and beliefs. Self-expression in online social networks enables identity experimentation and development. As identities are fluid, situationally contingent, and are the perpetual subject and object of negotiation within the individual, the presented and perceived identity of the individual may not match reality. In this chapter, the authors consider the psychological challenges unique to understanding the dynamics of social identity formation and strategic interaction in online social networks. The psychological development of social identities in online social network interaction is discussed, highlighting how collective identity and self-categorization associates social identity to online group formation. The overall aim of this chapter is to explore how social identity affects the formation and development of online communities, how to analyze the development of these communities, and the implications such social networks have within education.

Social Identities, Group Formation, and the Analysis of Online Communities

2010 ◽  
pp. 86-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillianne R. Code ◽  
Nicholas E. Zaparyniuk
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Online Communities ◽  
Collective Identity ◽  
Online Social Networks ◽  
Online Social Network ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
New Members ◽  
The Individual

Central to research in social psychology is the means in which communities form, attract new members, and develop over time. Research has found that the relative anonymity of Internet communication encourages self-expression and facilitates the formation of relationships based on shared values and beliefs. Self-expression in online social networks enables identity experimentation and development. As identities are fluid, situationally contingent, and are the perpetual subject and object of negotiation within the individual, the presented and perceived identity of the individual may not match reality. In this chapter, the authors consider the psychological challenges unique to understanding the dynamics of social identity formation and strategic interaction in online social networks. The psychological development of social identities in online social network interaction is discussed, highlighting how collective identity and self-categorization associates social identity to online group formation. The overall aim of this chapter is to explore how social identity affects the formation and development of online communities, how to analyze the development of these communities, and the implications such social networks have within education.

scholarly journals Individual Predictors of the Radical Right-Wing Vote in Europe: A Meta-Analysis of Articles in Peer-Reviewed Journals (1995–2016)

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Stockemer ◽  
Tobias Lentz ◽  
Danielle Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Radical Right ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Quantitative Methodology ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Individual Vote ◽  
Individual Variables ◽  
The Individual

In this article, we summarize the individual demand-level factors explaining the radical right-wing vote in European countries. To do so, we first review 46 quantitative peer-reviewed articles featuring the individual vote choice in favour of a radical right-wing party as the dependent variable. To identify relevant articles, we use Kai Arzheimer’s bibliography on the radical right and employ the following inclusion criterion: the articles must be written in English, they must use the individual vote for a radical right-wing party as the dependent variable, they must use a quantitative methodology and they must include some type of regression analysis. Using this strategy, we conduct a meta-analysis of 329 relevant models and find that over 20 individual variables are tested. Because many variables such as attitudes towards immigration, employment, age, education and gender only show moderate success rates in attempting to explain an individual’s propensity to vote for the radical right, we complement the review of quantitative studies with an analysis of 14 qualitative publications. The review of these qualitative works shows that the processes through which somebody becomes a voter, supporter or activist of the radical right are often more complex than the commonly used surveys can portray them. Frequently, feelings of relative economic deprivation and dissatisfaction with the political regime trigger an awakening that makes individuals seek engagement. However, the processes behind this awakening are complex and can only be partially captured by quantitative studies.

Profiles of national Antarctic operating agencies of Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties: an introductory study

Polar Record ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 33 (185) ◽  
pp. 133-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Dey-Nuttall
Keyword(s):  
New Members ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Antarctic

AbstractEach Antarctic Treaty Consultative Party established its national Antarctic operating agency in circumstances that were unique to itself. For some of the original members of the Antarctic Treaty, the initial organisations have continued to act as their national Antarctic operators. New members have either delegated responsibility to existing government organisations or have established new bodies to implement their national Antarctic programmes. The organisations selected to assume responsibility for operating the individual national Antarctic programmes, although varied, possess similar attributes and fall into four categories. Thedistinguishing features of these categories are based on the extent of the functions and financial responsibilities adopted by the agencies. By establishing their nature, this study offers a framework for analysis and a basis for further research on the styles and trends in organising national Antarctic programmes.

scholarly journals Persuasion Principles Index: ready for pretesting advertisements

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 317-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kesten C. Green ◽  
J. Scott Armstrong ◽  
Rui Du ◽  
Andreas Graefe
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Weighting Scheme ◽  
Simple Theory ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Advertising Effectiveness ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Index Model ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Individual

Purpose – This paper aims to respond to issues posed in the four commentaries on Armstrong, Du, Green and Graefe (2016, this issue) regarding the immediate usefulness of that paper’s test of advertisements’ compliance with persuasion principles, and regarding the need for further research. Design/methodology/approach – This paper addresses commentators’ concerns using logic, prior research findings and further analyses of the data. Findings – The superiority of the index method remains when a simple, theory-based, alternative weighting-scheme is used in the index model. Combinations of three unaided experts’ forecasts were more accurate than the individual forecasts, but the gain was only one-third of the gain achieved by using the Persuasion Principles Index (PPI). Research limitations/implications – Replications and extensions using behavioral data and alternative implementations of the index method would help to better assess the effects of judging conformity with principles as a means of predicting relative advertising effectiveness. Advertisers can expect more accurate pretest results if they combine the predictions of three experts or, even better, if they use tests of compliance with persuasion principles, such as the PPI. The PPI software is copyrighted, but is available now and is free to use. Originality/value – New analysis and findings provide further support for the claim that advertisers who use the PPI approach proposed by Armstrong, Du, Green and Graefe (2016, this issue) to choose among alternative advertisements will be more profitable than those who do not.

Types in Logic and Mathematics Before 1940

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fairouz Kamareddine ◽  
Twan Laan ◽  
Rob Nederpelt
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Type Theory ◽  
Simple Theory ◽  
Formal Systems ◽  
Modern Notation ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Logical Paradoxes ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractIn this article, we study the prehistory of type theory up to 1910 and its development between Russell and Whitehead's Principia Mathematica ([71], 1910–1912) and Church's simply typed λ-calculus of 1940. We first argue that the concept of types has always been present in mathematics, though nobody was incorporating them explicitly as such, before the end of the 19th century. Then we proceed by describing how the logical paradoxes entered the formal systems of Frege, Cantor and Peano concentrating on Frege's Grundgesetze der Arithmetik for which Russell applied his famous paradox and this led him to introduce the first theory of types, the Ramified Type Theory (RTT). We present RTT formally using the modern notation for type theory and we discuss how Ramsey, Hilbert and Ackermann removed the orders from RTT leading to the simple theory of types STT. We present STT and Church's own simply typed λ-calculus (λ→C) and we finish by comparing RTT, STT and λ→C.

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