On confirmation and rational betting

1955 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sherman Lehman
Keyword(s):  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Dutch Book ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Practical Necessity ◽  
De Finetti ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The purpose of this paper is to analyze rational betting. In particular, we concentrate on one necessary feature of rational betting, the avoidance of certainty of losing to a clever opponent. If a bettor is quite foolish in his choice of the rates at which he will bet, ah opponent can win money from him no matter what happens.This phenomenon is well known to professional bettors—especially bookmakers, who must as a matter of practical necessity avoid its occurrence. Such a losing book is called by them a “dutch book.” Our investigations are thus concerned with necessary and sufficient conditions that a book not be “dutch.”De Finetti [3] has started with the same idea and used it as a foundation for the theory of probability. It is our aim to consider the same subject more precisely and attempt to answer some questions about desirable features of a confirmation function. We wish to connect the ideas of De Finetti with those of Carnap [1] and Hossiasson-Lindenbaum [6]. The results expressed by Theorem 1 are essentially contained in De Finetti's work. Theorems 3 and 4 seem to be new.The confirmation functions which we consider will be functions with two sentences as arguments taking real numbers as values. Intuitively, C(h, e) will represent the rate at which a bettor would be willing to bet on the hypothesis h if he knew the information expressed by the sentence e, the evidence.

scholarly journals Cyclic Permutations of Sequences and Uniform Partitions

10.37236/389 ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Po-Yi Huang ◽  
Jun Ma ◽  
Yeong-Nan Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Analogous Result ◽  
Cyclic Permutation ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Fluctuation Theory ◽  
Partial Sums ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
First Time ◽  
Positive Half

Let $\vec{r}=(r_i)_{i=1}^n$ be a sequence of real numbers of length $n$ with sum $s$. Let $s_0=0$ and $s_i=r_1+\ldots +r_i$ for every $i\in\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$. Fluctuation theory is the name given to that part of probability theory which deals with the fluctuations of the partial sums $s_i$. Define $p(\vec{r})$ to be the number of positive sum $s_i$ among $s_1,\ldots,s_n$ and $m(\vec{r})$ to be the smallest index $i$ with $s_i=\max\limits_{0\leq k\leq n}s_k$. An important problem in fluctuation theory is that of showing that in a random path the number of steps on the positive half-line has the same distribution as the index where the maximum is attained for the first time. In this paper, let $\vec{r}_i=(r_i,\ldots,r_n,r_1,\ldots,r_{i-1})$ be the $i$-th cyclic permutation of $\vec{r}$. For $s>0$, we give the necessary and sufficient conditions for $\{ m(\vec{r}_i)\mid 1\leq i\leq n\}=\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$ and $\{ p(\vec{r}_i)\mid 1\leq i\leq n\}=\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$; for $s\leq 0$, we give the necessary and sufficient conditions for $\{ m(\vec{r}_i)\mid 1\leq i\leq n\}=\{0,1,\ldots,n-1\}$ and $\{ p(\vec{r}_i)\mid 1\leq i\leq n\}=\{0,1,\ldots,n-1\}$. We also give an analogous result for the class of all permutations of $\vec{r}$.

scholarly journals Generalized Nörlund and Nörlund-type Means of Sequences of Fuzzy Numbers

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1088-1096
Author(s):  
Pradosh Kumar Pattanaik ◽  
Susanta Kumar Paikray ◽  
Bidu Bhusan Jena
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Numbers ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Slow Oscillation ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Fuzzy Real Numbers ◽  
Sequences Of Fuzzy Numbers ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Convergent Sequences

In this article we study some properties of generalized Nörlund and Nörlund-typemeans of sequences of fuzzy real numbers. We establish necessary and sufficient conditions for our purposed methods to transform convergent sequences of fuzzy real numbers into convergent sequences of fuzzy real numbers which also preserve the limit. Finally, we establish some results showing the connection between the generalized N ̈orlund and N ̈orlund-type limits and the usual limits under slow oscillation of sequences of fuzzy real numbers.

scholarly journals The Hausdorff Moment Problem

1978 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-265
Author(s):  
David Borwein
Keyword(s):  
Moment Problem ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Hausdorff Moment Problem

Suppose throughout thatand that {μn}(n≥ 0) is a sequence of real numbers. The (generalized) Hausdorff moment problem is to determine necessary and sufficient conditions for there to be a function x in some specified class satisfying.

Convergence of Hardy Cross’s Balancing Process

1940 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. A166-A170
Author(s):  
Rufus Oldenburger
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Linear Transformation ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Continuous Beam ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Real Linear ◽  
Infinite Power ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

Abstract It can be shown easily that the Cross method of structural analysis may be applied to a given structure in such a manner that the process does not converge. In this paper the author gives necessary and sufficient conditions for the convergence of the Cross method, and exhibits a convergent process of balancing any given structure. In particular he shows that a balancing process can be described by real linear transformation, that is, by a matrix of real numbers, and that the process converges in the sense of this paper if and only if the infinite power of this matrix exists and is zero. The study is restricted to the case of a continuous beam.

Generalization of the Hausdorff Moment Problem

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 946-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Borwein ◽  
Amnon Jakimovski
Keyword(s):  
Moment Problem ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Natural Generalization ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Hausdorff Moment Problem ◽  
Positive Integers ◽  
Classical Moment Problem

Suppose throughout that {kn} is a sequence of positive integers, thatthat k0 = 1 if l0 = 1, and that {un(r)}; (r = 0, 1, …, kn – 1, n = 0, 1, …) is a sequence of real numbers. We shall be concerned with the problem of establishing necessary and sufficient conditions for there to be a function a satisfying(1)and certain additional conditions. The case l0 = 0, kn = 1 for n = 0, 1, … of the problem is the version of the classical moment problem considered originally by Hausdorff [5], [6], [7]; the above formulation will emerge as a natural generalization thereof.

scholarly journals Updating a map of sufficient conditions for the real nonnegative inverse eigenvalue problem

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 246-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Marijuán ◽  
M. Pisonero ◽  
Ricardo L. Soto
Keyword(s):  
Eigenvalue Problem ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Inverse Eigenvalue Problem ◽  
Real Matrix ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
The Real ◽  
Inclusion Relations ◽  
Inverse Eigenvalue ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

Abstract The real nonnegative inverse eigenvalue problem (RNIEP) asks for necessary and sufficient conditions in order that a list of real numbers be the spectrum of a nonnegative real matrix. A number of sufficient conditions for the existence of such a matrix are known. The authors gave in [11] a map of sufficient conditions establishing inclusion relations or independency relations between them. Since then new sufficient conditions for the RNIEP have appeared. In this paper we complete and update the map given in [11].

scholarly journals Tauberian conditions under which statistical convergence follows from statistical summability $(EC)_{n}^1$

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Naim L. Braha ◽  
Ismet Temaj
Keyword(s):  
Finite Number ◽  
Statistical Convergence ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Tauberian Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

Let $(x_k)$, for $k\in \mathbb{N}\cup \{0\}$  be a sequence of real or complex numbers and set $(EC)_{n}^{1}=\frac{1}{2^n}\sum_{j=0}^{n}{\binom{n}{j}\frac{1}{j+1}\sum_{v=0}^{j}{x_v}},$ $n\in \mathbb{N}\cup \{0\}.$  We present necessary and sufficient conditions, under which $st-\lim_{}{x_k}= L$ follows from $st-\lim_{}{(EC)_{n}^{1}} = L,$ where L is a finite number. If $(x_k)$ is a sequence of real numbers, then these are one-sided Tauberian conditions. If $(x_k)$ is a sequence of complex numbers, then these are two-sided Tauberian conditions.

On the Fourier Constants of a Bounded Function

1936 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Verblunsky
Keyword(s):  
Bounded Function ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

1. In a former paper we solved the following problem (Problem I). Given k + 1 real numbers co, …, ck, to find necessary and sufficient conditions that there shall exist a function f(x) in (0, 1) which satisfies the conditions

scholarly journals Necessary and sufficient conditions under which convergence follows from summability by weighted means

2001 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 399-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferenc Móricz ◽  
Ulrich Stadtmüller
Keyword(s):  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Tauberian Conditions ◽  
Weighted Means ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

We prove necessary and sufficient Tauberian conditions for sequences summable by weighted mean methods. The main results of this paper apply to all weighted mean methods and unify the results known in the literature for particular methods. Among others, the conditions in our theorems are easy consequences of the slowly decreasing condition for real numbers, or slowly oscillating condition for complex numbers. Therefore, practically all classical (one-sided as well as two-sided) Tauberian conditions for weighted mean methods are corollaries of our two main theorems.

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