The Given Element in Empirical Knowledge

1952 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 168 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. I. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Knowledge ◽  
The Given

scholarly journals The Myth of the Given today: Perspectives of realistic epistemology

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-459
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Nikonenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Knowledge ◽  
Possible World ◽  
Radical Pluralism ◽  
The World ◽  
Myth Of The Given ◽  
The Given ◽  
Modern Analytical ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon ◽  
Epistemological Framework ◽  
Made In

The article deals with the reception of Wilfrid Sellars’s The Myth of the Given. The Problem consists in the ontological status of reality and the possibility of empirical knowledge. The ideas of well-known representatives of modern analytical epistemology are analyzed: J. Searle, H. Putnam, J. McDowell, G. Evans, C. Peacocke, W. Child, T. Rockmore, etc. An attempt is made in the article to show that The Myth of the Given is losing its relevance in modern humanistic realism where the world is already becoming a symbolic construct within the epistemological framework. Experience as such is no longer deemed as a linguistic phenomenon in modern epistemology. Sellars’s argumentation is convincing only if universalism, in terms of the interpretation of experience and reality, is criticized from the standpoint of radical pluralism of epistemological theories. In this case, indeed, no “Given” exists, viewed as a correlation between the substance of Sensitivity and the only possible world of Reality. It is illustrated that modern analytical epistemology is an arena of competition between two leading positions in the interpretation of the world: externalism and internalism. Despite the contradiction between these theoretical positions, they are in accord in recognizing a pluralistic worldview, which is, moreover, of a “humanistic” nature. These theories address neither “the given” nor “the world of facts”. The main trouble with The Myth of the Given is the lack of criteria of objectivity in any act of experience.

scholarly journals ¿Es relevante lo "dado" para la justificación?

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Ornelas Bernal
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Empirical Knowledge ◽  
Contemporary Debate ◽  
The Given

RESUMENEl presente trabajo es un intento por desentrañar qué papel desempeña la experiencia dentro del proceso de justificación del conocimiento empírico. El debate contemporáneo está dominado por dos bandos antagónicos: en un extremo están los empiristas fundacionalistas para quienes la experiencia, lo "Dado", es el fundamento epistémico de todo el conocimiento y en el otro extremo se encuentran los coherentistas, quienes rechazan que la experiencia tenga cabida dentro del proceso de justificación. El objetivo de este trabajo consite en mostrar un modelo alternativo de la justificación que recoge las virtudes de ambos extremos.PALABRAS CLAVEMITO DE LO DADO-FUNDACIONALISMO-COHERENTISMO-JUSTIFICACIÓNABSTRACTMy purpose in this essay is to bring to light the role played by experience in the justification process of empirical knowledge. Contemporary debate is dominated by two antagonistic sides: on one extreme we have the foundationalist empiricists for whom experience, the Goven, is the epistemic foundation of all knowledge; and on the other extreme we have the coherentists who reject that experience has any room in the justification process. This paper attempts to present an alternative model of justification that gathers the virtues of both sides.KEYWORDSMYTH OF THE GIVEN-FOUNDATIONALISM-COHERENTISM-JUSTIFICATION

scholarly journals ¿Es relevante lo "dado" para la justificación?

2002 ◽  
pp. 45-66
Author(s):  
Jorge Ornelas Bernal
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Empirical Knowledge ◽  
Contemporary Debate ◽  
The Given

My purpose in this essay is to bring to light the role played by experience in the justification process of empirical knowledge. Contemporary debate is dominated by two antagonistic sides: on one extreme we have the foundationalist empiricists for whom experience, the Given, is the epistemic foundation of all knowledge; and on the other extreme we have the coherentists who reject that experience has any room in the justification process. This paper attempts to present an alternative model of justification that gathers the virtues of both sides.

Personal Problem Solving of Partners in Divorce Proceedings

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tereza Soukupova ◽  
Petr Goldmann
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Thematic Apperception Test ◽  
Scoring Systems ◽  
Personal Control ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Personal Problem ◽  
Thematic Apperception ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Given

Abstract. The Thematic Apperception Test is one of the most frequently administered apperceptive techniques. Formal scoring systems are helpful in evaluating story responses. TAT stories, made by 20 males and 20 females in the situation of legal divorce proceedings, were coded for detection and comparison of their personal problem solving ability. The evaluating instrument utilized was the Personal Problem Solving System-Revised (PPSS-R) as developed by G. F. Ronan. The results indicate that in relation to card 1, men more often than women saw the cause of the problem as removable. With card 6GF, women were more motivated to resolve the given problem than were men, women had a higher personal control and their stories contained more optimism compared to men’s stories. In relation to card 6BM women, more often than men, used emotions generated from the problem to orient themselves within the problem. With card 13MF, the men’s level of stress was less compared to that of the women, and men were more able to plan within the context of problem-solving. Significant differences in the examined groups were found in those cards which depicted significant gender and parental potentials. The TAT can be used to help identify personality characteristics and gender differences.

Pattern Recognition in Histo-Pathology: Basic Considerations

1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (01) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Schlegel ◽  
K. Kayser
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Graph Theory ◽  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Minimal Distance ◽  
Malignant Growth ◽  
Colon Tissue ◽  
First Results ◽  
Tissue Structures ◽  
The Given

A basic concept for the automatic diagnosis of histo-pathological specimen is presented. The algorithm is based on tissue structures of the original organ. Low power magnification was used to inspect the specimens. The form of the given tissue structures, e. g. diameter, distance, shape factor and number of neighbours, is measured. Graph theory is applied by using the center of structures as vertices and the shortest connection of neighbours as edges. The algorithm leads to two independent sets of parameters which can be used for diagnostic procedures. First results with colon tissue show significant differences between normal tissue, benign and malignant growth. Polyps form glands that are twice as wide as normal and carcinomatous tissue. Carcinomas can be separated by the minimal distance of the glands formed. First results of pattern recognition using graph theory are discussed.

Coordinating Medical Literature with Patient Care

1977 ◽  
Vol 16 (04) ◽  
pp. 234-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joann Gustafson ◽  
J. Nelson ◽  
Ann Buller
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Medical Staff ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Medical Information System ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Information Displays ◽  
Medical Displays ◽  
Computerized Medical Information ◽  
The Given

The contribution of a special library project to a computerized problem-oriented medical information system (PROMIS) is discussed. Medical information displays developed by the PROMIS medical staff are accessible to the health care provider via touch screen cathode terminals. Under PROMIS, members of the library project developed two information services, one concerned with the initial building of the medical displays and the other with the updating of this information. Information from 88 medical journals is disseminated to physicians involved in the building of the medical displays. Articles meeting predetermined selection criteria are abstracted and the abstracts are made available by direct selective dissemination or via a problem-oriented abstract file. The updating service involves comparing the information contained in the selected articles with the computerized medical displays on the given topic. Discrepancies are brought to the attention of PROMIS medical staff members who evaluate the information and make appropriate changes in the displays. Thus a feedback loop is maintained which assures the completeness, accuracy, and currency of the computerized medical information. The development of this library project and its interface with the computerized health care system thus attempts to deal with the problems in the generation, validation, dissemination, and application of medical literature.

Identification and Transformation of Terminal Morphemes in Medical English

1969 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
pp. 84-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Pratt ◽  
M. Pacak
Keyword(s):  
Word Form ◽  
Subsequent Transformation ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Morphological Segmentation ◽  
Medical English ◽  
Nominal Form ◽  
Admissible Path ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Given ◽  
Admissible Sequences

The system for the identification and subsequent transformation of terminal morphemes in medical English is a part of the information system for processing pathology data which was developed at the National Institutes of Health.The recognition and transformation of terminal morphemes is restricted to classes of adjectivals including the -ING and -ED forms, nominals and homographic adjective/noun forms.The adjective-to-noun and noun-to-noun transforms consist basically of a set of substitutions of adjectival and certain nominal suffixes by a set of suffixes which indicate the corresponding nominal form(s).The adjectival/nominal suffix has a polymorphosyntactic transformational function if it has the property of being transformed into more than one nominalizing suffix (e.g., the adjectival suffix -IC can be substituted by a set of nominalizing suffixes -Ø, -A, -E, -Y, -IS, -IA, -ICS): the adjectival suffix has a monomorphosyntactic transformational property if there is only one admissible transform (e.g., -CIC → -X).The morphological segmentation and the subsequent transformations are based on the following principles:a. The word form is segmented according to the principle of »double consonant cut,« i.e., terminal characters following the last set of double consonants are analyzed and treated as a potential suffix. For practical purposes only such terminal suffixes of a maximum length of four have been analyzed.b. The principle that the largest segment of a word form common to both adjective and noun or to both noun stems is retained as a word base for transformational operations, and the non-identical segment is considered to be a »suffix.«The backward right-to-left character search is initiated by the identification of the terminal grapheme of the given word form and is extended to certain admissible sequences of immediately preceding graphemes.The nodes which represent fixed sequences of graphemes are labeled according to their recognition and/or transformation properties.The tree nodes are divided into two groups:a. productive or activatedb. non-productive or non-activatedThe productive (activated) nodes are sequences of sets of graphemes which possess certain properties, such as the indication about part-of-speech class membership, the transformation properties, or both. The non-productive (non-activated) nodes have the function of connectors, i.e., they specify the admissible path to the productive nodes.The computer program for the identification and transformation of the terminal morphemes is open-ended and is already operational. It will be extended to other sub-fields of medicine in the near future.

The Role and Place of Budget Procedure in the System

2003 ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bushmin
Keyword(s):  
Budget Process ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Principal Role ◽  
Process Trends ◽  
The Given ◽  
Rules Of The Game

The article is devoted to the analysis of improving budget process trends. The author offers the concept of "financial technologism". Its usage should promote an essential improvement of the budget process. The given concept is based on the fact that the regulation of budget procedure is the process of determination of "rules of the game", and the order of interaction of different institutions within the framework of the budget process, and the trends and volumes of expenses are the strategy of institutions. The procedure within the budget process plays a principal role as compared with the trends and volumes of public expenditures.

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