Attitudes toward Individual Responsibility and Political Reform in the Former Soviet Union

1996 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada W. Finifter
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Political Reform ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
State Responsibility ◽  
Lower Education ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Relationship

Based upon a survey of the USSR in December 1989, Finifter and Mickiewicz (1992) found that respondents with higher education were less inclined than those with lower education to support individual, versus state, responsibility, and that supporters of individual responsibility were slightly less likely than those favoring state responsibility to support political change. A recent critique challenged this analysis, arguing that higher education is always associated with support for individual responsibility and that preference for individual responsibility is always positively associated with support for political reform, and reported findings to that effect. This analysis resolves these discrepant findings and clarifies why they occurred. A replication using data from 40 societies demonstrates that the relationship between education and locus of responsibility is not universal; indeed, it appears in only a few countries. Moreover, large differences in sampling and measurement procedures and extraordinary changes over time in the real world contributed to the differences between our findings and those of our critics.

British—Russian Peer Education in Finance and Accounting

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 303-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alana Morrison ◽  
John Struthers
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Peer Education ◽  
Enterprise Development ◽  
Know How ◽  
Academic Fields ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship that exists between industry and higher education in the Western economies is being mirrored in the transforming economies of the former Soviet Union. This paper reports on a recent investigation into the professional and academic fields of finance and accounting and in particular into the work by British and Russian university peers. There are, however, general observations which would be applicable across all fields of expertise. The case is set within the context of a UK government ‘Know How Fund’ project. The authors argue that peer education has a significant role to play in providing a mechanism for knowledge transfer, both professional and academic. They further argue that this knowledge transfer is crucial to enterprise development within a developing market economy.

The Defense-Growth Relationship: An Economic Investigation into Post-Soviet States

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce D McDonald ◽  
Robert J Eger
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Defense Spending ◽  
Growth Effect ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

An important question stemming from the collapse of the Soviet Union is how defense spending has influenced the economic performance of the 15 member states since their establishment as market economies. This study furthers the understanding of the relationship between defense spending and economic growth using data from the states of the former Soviet Union from 1992 to 2007. A nonlinear production function was used for direct effects, and models of investment and employment were employed for indirect effects. Contrary to expectations, the findings show that continued reliance on the defense sector in post-Soviet states has helped overall economic growth. Similarly, the growth effect of defense spending has remained nearly constant since the collapse of the Soviet Union.

scholarly journals Relationship between Changes over Time in Factors, Including the Impact of Meteorology on Photochemical Oxidant Concentration and Causative Atmospheric Pollutants in Kawasaki

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 446
Author(s):  
Akinori Fukunaga ◽  
Takaharu Sato ◽  
Kazuki Fujita ◽  
Daisuke Yamada ◽  
Shinya Ishida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moving Average ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Photochemical Oxidant ◽  
Oxidant Concentration ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

To clarify the relationship between changes in photochemical oxidants’ (Ox) concentrations and their precursors in Kawasaki, a series of analyses were conducted using data on Ox, their precursors, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and meteorology that had been monitored throughout the city of Kawasaki for 30 years from 1990 to 2019. The trend in air temperature was upward, wind speed was downward, and solar radiation was upward, indicating an increasing trend in meteorological factors in which Ox concentrations tend to be higher. Between 1990 and 2013, the annual average Ox increased throughout Kawasaki and remained flat after that. The three-year moving average of the daily peak increased until 2015, and after that, it exhibited a slight decline. The amount of generated Ox is another important indicator. To evaluate this, a new indicator, the daytime production of photochemical oxidant (DPOx), was proposed. DPOx is defined by daytime averaged Ox concentrations less the previous day’s nighttime averaged Ox concentrations. The trend in DPOx from April to October has been decreasing since around 2006, and it was found that this indicator reflects the impact of reducing emissions of NOx and VOCs in Kawasaki.

Patterns and Volatility in State Funding for Higher Education, 1951–2006

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Delaney ◽  
William R. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Past Research ◽  
State Funding ◽  
Higher Education Funding ◽  
State Budget ◽  
State Budgets ◽  
Higher Education Leaders ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Background Numerous studies have addressed the determinants of higher education appropriations. Extending prior studies that only consider the relationship between higher education and one other state budget category, Delaney and Doyle develop and test an empirical model of the relationship between higher education and all other budget categories. Delaney and Doyle propose that higher education takes the form of a balance wheel in state budgets. They find that higher education is cut more than other budget categories in bad budget years and given larger increases in good budget years. Although previous work advances understanding of how states budget for higher education, it is limited in the length of time considered. Purpose This study makes two important contributions to the literature. First, it documents changes in the amount of volatility in state funding for higher education. Second, it identifies patterns in the volatility, and does so over a longer time period than has been investigated in past research, using data that spans over a half century (1951–2006). Research Design This study uses a unique panel dataset spanning the period from 1951 to 2006 to quantitatively document changes in the extent of volatility in state funding for higher education. It also identifies and tests for patterns of volatility. Findings We find that the level of volatility in state budgeting for higher education has changed over time. We also find evidence of linear (incremental), quadratic (countercyclical), and cubic (balance wheel) patterns of volatility at different points in time. Recommendations Our findings indicate that the role of higher education in state budgets is not static and has varied over time. In policy discussions about higher education funding, we think it is important to consider both absolute funding levels and the amount of volatility in funding. We recommend that higher education leaders discuss not only funding levels with their state legislatures, but also discuss volatility in funding patterns. States and higher education have operated under different funding relationships in the past; therefore, it seems possible that policymakers and higher education officials could change their current funding relationship to conform to a pattern that better serves the needs of the state, institutions, and students.

scholarly journals Hubungan Perilaku Perdagangan Investor Dengan Volume Perdagangan Di Bursa Efek Indonesia

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghazali Syamni
Keyword(s):  
Trading Volume ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Order Pattern ◽  
Over Time

This paper examines the relationship of behavior trading investor using data detailed transaction history-corporate edition demand and order history in Indonesia Stock Exchange during period of March, April and May 2005. Peculiarly, behavior placing of investor order at trading volume. The result of this paper indicates that trading volume order pattern to have pattern U shape. The pattern happened that investors have strong desires to places order at the opening and close of compared to in trading periods. While the largest orders are of market at the opening indicates that investor is more conservatively when opening, where many orders when opening has not happened transaction to match. In placing order both of investor does similar strategy. By definition, informed investors’ orders more large than uninformed investors. If comparison of order examined hence both investors behavior relatively changes over time. But, statistically shows there is not ratio significant. This implies behavior trading of informed investors and uninformed investors stable relative over time. The result from regression analysis indicates that informed investors to correlate at trading volume in all time intervals, but not all uninformed investors correlates in every time interval. This imply investor order inform is more can explain trading volume pattern compared to uninformed investor order in Indonesia Stock Exchange. Finally, result of regression also finds that order status match has greater role determines trading volume pattern intraday especially informed buy match and informed sale match. While amend, open and withdraw unable to have role to determine intraday trading volume pattern.

scholarly journals EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC SPENDING ON HIGHER EDUCATION: A DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS FOR EU-28

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 396-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Mihaljevic Kosor ◽  
Lena Malesevic Perovic ◽  
Silva Golem
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Public Spending ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Measurement And Analysis ◽  
Education Statistics ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Policy Proposals

One of the main goals of education policy is to enhance educational outcomes. If resources are used inefficiently, they will fail to maximise those outcomes. Data Envelopment Analysis was used to calculate technical efficiency of public spending on education for EU-28 using the latest higher education statistics available. Focusing on European higher education, conceptual and methodological issues related to the measurement and analysis of efficiency were discussed. The most efficient countries are identified and also countries for which real efficiency improvements are possible. A novel set of variables is used to highlight more appropriately the distinctiveness of the higher education sector and the relationship between input and outputs. The advantage of using Data Envelopment Analysis is that it identifies the best performing decision, making units and not the averages. This type of information about the efficiency of public spending on education is of importance to many parties. It can be used to promote ‘yardstick’ competition in the areas of education where the lack of market mechanisms is apparent, guide policy proposals, and to enhance the monitoring of education. Key words: efficiency in education, higher education, public spending, data envelopment analysis, European Union.

Trends in Global Oil Investments Over the Past 20 Years

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-49
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Shirobokova ◽  
Fe Amor Parel Gudmundsson
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Oil Demand ◽  
Former Ussr ◽  
The Relationship

Today, energy is an irreplaceable resource without which it is impossible to imagine the life of modern society. Oil, as the most important energy resource, has a significant impact on both individual economies and the world economy. The main objective of this chapter is to identify the relationship between oil supply and oil demand of developed and developing countries on the example of OECD and Former Soviet Union countries. The changes that took place in supply and demand in the oil market from 2000 to 2020 are investigated. The chapter uses graphic and mathematical analysis. It is clear with a fair amount of confidence that the oil demand in developed countries is higher than their supply, and the supply of oil in developing countries is rather more than demand. Also, the chapter draws attention to investments in the oil industry, including on the example of Russia as a former USSR country, analyzes their current state, and draws appropriate conclusions.

scholarly journals Uzbekistan: Higher Education Reforms and the Changing Landscape Since Independence

2018 ◽  
pp. 435-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kobil Ruziev ◽  
Umar Burkhanov
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Higher Education Reforms ◽  
Quality Of Higher Education ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
The One

AbstractThis chapter is the first study that carefully documents higher education (HE) reforms in Uzbekistan since the demise of the former Soviet Union. It analyses evolution of the sector with clear emphasis on government policy and its impact on changing the country’s higher education landscape since independence. The study highlights complex interactions between the distinct pre- and post-independence contexts, policy legislation and its implementation on the one hand, and the demands of the new market-based economic system and the requirements of building and strengthening state institutions to support the transition process on the other hand. The paper will show why the country’s peculiar ‘strictly top-down’ approach to reforms has not been successful in improving a number of key areas including access to higher education, and human as well as physical capacities of higher education institutions which ultimately determine the quality of higher education provisioning.

scholarly journals Civil liberties and Volunteering in Six Former Soviet Union Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1150-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiga Kamerāde ◽  
Jo Crotty ◽  
Sergej Ljubownikow
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Orange Revolution ◽  
European Values ◽  
European Values Study ◽  
Using Data

To contribute to the debate as to whether volunteering is an outcome of democratization rather than a driver of it, we analyze how divergent democratization pathways in six countries of the former Soviet Union have led to varied levels of volunteering. Using data from the European Values Study, we find that Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia—which followed a Europeanization path—have high and increasing levels of civil liberties and volunteering. In Russia and Belarus, following a pre-emption path, civil liberties have remained low and volunteering has declined. Surprisingly, despite the Orange Revolution and increased civil liberties, volunteering rates in Ukraine have also declined. The case of Ukraine indicates that the freedom to participate is not always taken up by citizens. Our findings suggest it is not volunteering that brings civil liberties, but rather that increased civil liberties lead to higher levels of volunteering.

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