scholarly journals Civil liberties and Volunteering in Six Former Soviet Union Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1150-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiga Kamerāde ◽  
Jo Crotty ◽  
Sergej Ljubownikow
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Orange Revolution ◽  
European Values ◽  
European Values Study ◽  
Using Data

To contribute to the debate as to whether volunteering is an outcome of democratization rather than a driver of it, we analyze how divergent democratization pathways in six countries of the former Soviet Union have led to varied levels of volunteering. Using data from the European Values Study, we find that Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia—which followed a Europeanization path—have high and increasing levels of civil liberties and volunteering. In Russia and Belarus, following a pre-emption path, civil liberties have remained low and volunteering has declined. Surprisingly, despite the Orange Revolution and increased civil liberties, volunteering rates in Ukraine have also declined. The case of Ukraine indicates that the freedom to participate is not always taken up by citizens. Our findings suggest it is not volunteering that brings civil liberties, but rather that increased civil liberties lead to higher levels of volunteering.

scholarly journals Political Parties and Party Systems in Regime Transformation: Inner Transition in the New Democracies of Central Europe

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 619-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Party Systems ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
New Democracies ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Collapse Of Communism

The collapse of communism in the former Soviet Union and Central Europe has provided the basis for new democracies. Competitively elected parliaments, accountable executives, independent judiciaries, enforceable civil liberties and a free press have rapidly emerged through a relatively short transitional period. The formation of political parties and interest groups, however, is taking much longer, and has proven a much more complex process than the change of the political system.

scholarly journals COVID-19 associated discrimination in Germany: Realistic and symbolic threats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Dollmann ◽  
Irena Kogan
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Asian Origin ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Using Data

The contribution focusses on Covid-19 associated discrimination (CAD) in Germany and asks whether immigrants from Asian origin are increasingly discriminated against during the COVID-19 pandemic and whether other immigrant groups face similar threats. Using data from the COVID-19 add-on-survey for CILS4EU-DE (CILS4COVID), we demonstrate that immigrants from Asian origin report an increasing CAD during the pandemic, which is more pronounced for respondents residing in administrative districts with a more dynamic COVID-19 situation. Similar results can be found for respondents originating from both American continents and from countries of the former Soviet Union. Given that COVID-19 was first reported in Asia, but with rather low number of infections later on, and the rather high infection rates on both American continents and in Russia, we conclude that CAD experienced by these groups might happen in a reaction to both realistic and symbolic threats posed by the virus.

scholarly journals Morality in Context: A Multilevel Analysis of the Relationship between Religion and Values in Europe

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Storm
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Model ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Moral Authority ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
European Values ◽  
European Values Study ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Exact Relationship

AbstractThe exact relationship between religiosity and moral values is understudied, and it is unclear what the process of secularization means for the morality of Europeans. Previous research shows that religion is associated with low levels of political and economic development. A potential explanation is that religion provides an alternative moral authority to the authority of the state. Using data from four waves of the European Values Study 1981–2008, I analyze attitudes to personal autonomy (vs tradition) and self-interest (vs social norms) in a multilevel model of 48 European countries. The results show that religious decline has been accompanied by an increase in autonomy values, but not self-interest, that the relationship between religion and morality is stronger in more religious countries, and that it has declined since the 1980s. We also show that religiosity is more negatively associated with self-interest among people with low confidence in state authorities.

Are the costs of pollution abatement lower in Central and Eastern Europe? Evidence from Lithuania

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
RANDALL BLUFFSTONE
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Abatement Cost ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Using Data

It is often claimed that pollution reductions can be achieved at lower cost in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, because more possibilities exist to update production processes and reduce waste. To date, however, there has been little or no systematic evaluation of what the costs actually are in these countries. The main purpose of this paper is to partially fill this research gap using firm-level data from Lithuania. Abatement cost estimates for key air pollutants are presented based on investments made in Lithuania during 1993–4. The paper also attempts to estimate the demand for pollution directly using data on pollution charges from 1994. Using both methods, it is shown that for at least some key pollutants marginal and average abatement costs are probably substantially lower in Lithuania than in western countries.

scholarly journals Are All Socialists Anti-religious? Anti-religiosity and the Socialist Left in 21 Western European Countries (1990-2008)

2016 ◽  
pp. 66-85
Author(s):  
Egbert Ribberink ◽  
P Achterberg ◽  
Dick Houtman
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
European Values ◽  
European Values Study ◽  
Western European ◽  
Secular Religion

The political situation in the Soviet Union during the twentieth century has led some to suggest that socialism is some kind of secular religion as opposed to ‘normal’ religion. In modern Europe, however, there have been vibrant Christian socialist movements. This article looks into the different attitudes of socialists towards religion and answers the question whether it is pressure of religious activity or pressure of religious identity that makes socialists resist religion. The results from a multilevel analysis of three waves of the European Values Study (1990-2008) in 21 Western European countries specifically point to an increase in anti-religiosity by socialists in countries marked by Catholic and Orthodox religious identities.

scholarly journals The SDGs and health systems: the last step on the long and unfinished journey to universal health care?

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i28-i31
Author(s):  
Selina Rajan ◽  
Walter Ricciardi ◽  
Martin McKee
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Services Research ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
South East Europe ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Universal Health

Abstract In 2015, the world’s governments committed, in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), to achieve universal health coverage by 2030, something they will be held accountable for. We examine progress in the WHO European Region using data from several sources. We assess effective coverage using data from the Global Burden of Disease Programme, including access to 9 key interventions for maternal and child health and communicable and non-communicable diseases and mortality from 32 conditions amenable to health care. Progress is mixed; while Finland and Iceland have already achieved the 2030 target already, other countries, including in the Caucasus and Central Asia have not yet, and are unlikely to by 2030. We then examine financial protection, where progress lags in Central and South East Europe and the former Soviet Union, where high out-of-pocket healthcare payments and catastrophic spending are still common. We stress the need to consider inequalities within countries, with the most vulnerable groups, such as Roma or newly arrived migrants (from the Middle East and Africa) often underserved, while their needs are frequently undocumented. To make progress on the SDGs, governments must invest more heavily in health services research and support the infrastructure and capacity required to enable it.

Attitudes toward Individual Responsibility and Political Reform in the Former Soviet Union

1996 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada W. Finifter
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Political Reform ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
State Responsibility ◽  
Lower Education ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Relationship

Based upon a survey of the USSR in December 1989, Finifter and Mickiewicz (1992) found that respondents with higher education were less inclined than those with lower education to support individual, versus state, responsibility, and that supporters of individual responsibility were slightly less likely than those favoring state responsibility to support political change. A recent critique challenged this analysis, arguing that higher education is always associated with support for individual responsibility and that preference for individual responsibility is always positively associated with support for political reform, and reported findings to that effect. This analysis resolves these discrepant findings and clarifies why they occurred. A replication using data from 40 societies demonstrates that the relationship between education and locus of responsibility is not universal; indeed, it appears in only a few countries. Moreover, large differences in sampling and measurement procedures and extraordinary changes over time in the real world contributed to the differences between our findings and those of our critics.

scholarly journals Language Ideologies and Multilingual Practices of Post-Soviet Migrants in Western Europe from a Translanguaging Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erzhen Khilkhanova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Language Ideologies ◽  
Online Communication ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Language Boundaries ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Linguistic Behaviour ◽  
Cross Language

The main point of this paper is to describe, discuss and analyse multilingual practices of non-Russian migrants from the former Soviet Union from a translanguaging perspective uncovering language ideologies underpinning these practices. Using data collected through a 3-month linguistic ethnography supplemented by linguistic analysis of informal online communication, the Author found that fluid, translingual practices are generally not characteristic for the majority of well-educated post-Soviet migrants. Instead, we observe in the normative linguistic behaviour a lack of need or unwillingness to cross language boundaries and create hybrid linguistic forms.

scholarly journals Trust and Fertility Dynamics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnstein Aassve ◽  
Francesco C Billari ◽  
Léa Pessin
Keyword(s):  
Extended Family ◽  
National Level ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Generalized Trust ◽  
Fertility Trends ◽  
European Values ◽  
European Values Study ◽  
Using Data

We argue that the divergence in fertility trends in advanced societies is influenced by the interaction of long-standing differences in generalized trust with the increase in women's educational attainment. Our argument builds on the idea that trust enhances individuals’ and couples’ willingness to outsource childcare to outside their extended family. This becomes critically important as women's increased education leads to greater demand for combining work and family life. We test our hypothesis using data from the World Values Survey and European Values Study on 36 industrialized countries between the years 1981 and 2009. Multilevel statistical analyses reveal that the interaction between national-level generalized trust and cohort-level women's education is positively associated with completed fertility. As education among women expands, high levels of generalized trust moderate fertility decline.

scholarly journals Measuring Value Diversity within Countries

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sjoerd Beugelsdijk ◽  
Mariko J. Klasing
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Human Values ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
The World ◽  
European Values ◽  
Value Diversity ◽  
European Values Study ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Diversity Research

Diversity research has shown that ethno-linguistic, religious, and genetic diversity are related to a variety of socio-economic outcomes. We complement this literature by focusing on a dimension of diversity so far ignored in diversity research for lack of data: Diversity in key human values. Using data from all available waves of the World Values Survey and the European Values Study we develop a multi-item indicator of value diversity. This measure reflects the extent to which key human values are shared among the inhabitants of a country. Our newly developed measure is available for up to 111 countries and three decades (1981-2014). We conclude by comparing our newly developed measure of value diversity with existing measures of social diversity and relating it to various indicator of socio-economic performance.

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