Rebellion and Revolution: The Study of Popular Movements in Chinese History

1977 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Wakeman
Keyword(s):  
Class Struggle ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Past ◽  
P 75 ◽  
History Of ◽  
Popular Movements ◽  
Chinese Peasant ◽  
Revolutionary History

During the past twenty-five years, hundreds of studies of Chinese peasant rebellions have appeared in print. Most of these were published in the People's Republic of China, where they represented an effort to create a new revolutionary history of class struggle, intended to replace the elite history written by Confucian historiographers under the empire. Embodying Mao Tse-tung's belief that “the ruthless economic exploitations and political oppression of the peasantry by the landlord class forced the peasants to rise repeatedly in revolt against its rule” (Mao 1961, Vol. III, p. 75), these studies of popular uprisings describe a bewildering variety of social phenomena.

Japanese Peasants: Moral? Rational? Revolutionary? Duped?–A Review Article

1988 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 821-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Class Struggle ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Agricultural Prices ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
Modern Chinese History ◽  
Popular Movements ◽  
Chinese Peasant ◽  
Peasant Resistance

A full decade has passed since Frederic Wakeman, Jr., published his influential “Rebellion and Revolution: The Study of Popular Movements in Chinese History” (1977). He opened his article with the observation, “During the past twenty-five years, hundreds of studies of Chinese peasant rebellions have appeared in print.” He added that most of these studies had been published in the People's Republic, but in his bibliography he listed dozens of entries by Western scholars on the topic. Significantly, while noting that Western studies of peasant resistance in China “drew upon Chinese scholarship to write histories of their own,” Wakeman emphasized that Western historians were divided on the issue of whether the “Maoist depiction of Chinese history as perennial class struggle” was accurate. He summed up the controversy in these words:Was an immiserated peasantry ruthlessly exploited by a venal landlord class through the sweep of pre-modern Chinese history? Or would it be more accurate to say that, while the population suffered in times of epidemic or famine, there were long periods of plenty when relatively affluent farmers benefited from rising agricultural prices, and negotiated rental contracts to their own liking with accommodating landlords? (Wakeman 1977:202)

The study of urban history in the People's Republic of China

Urban History ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 61-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
David D. Buck
Keyword(s):  
Urban History ◽  
Urban Politics ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Creative Force ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chinese Peasant

Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, most of the topics associated with the study of urban history have languished largely unstudied beneath a pall of ideologically based neglect. The list of understudied subjects includes urban population, physical structure, social structure, economic activity, urban politics, urban planning and the environment, and urban culture. This lack of interest in urban history directly reflects the emphasis on the role of the peasantry as a creative force in Chinese history. The history of Chinese peasant uprisings and wars became the focus of attention and left little interest for what changes might have taken place in urban settings. Today, a combination of forces has generated considerable changes in the institutional structure of historical studies in China, as well as compelling historians to reconsider established research preferences. In this atmosphere it appears that for the first time since 1949 topics that concern urban historians in the West and Japan are receiving serious attention in the People's Republic of China. While it is still too early to speak of urban history in China, continuation of current trends in historical research over the next five to ten years will almost certainly bring this specialization into existence.

State Schemes or Safety Nets? China's Push for Universal Coverage

Daedalus ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Frazier
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Safety Nets ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social Expenditures

After rapid changes in social policy and increases in social expenditures over the past five years, many of the uniformly negative assessments of China's record on health care, retirement pensions, and other forms of social security have to be reconsidered. This article examines the rapid expansion in social policy coverage and spending, and considers the possible significance of these changes for Chinese politics. The administrative and territorial categories that have defined access to social welfare provision over the history of the People's Republic of China have not yet receded, but their significance has diminished with programs that create uniform eligibility across rural and urban categories of citizenship. Large gaps in benefits remain, and are likely to generate political demands in the future as urbanization continues to erode the administrative distinctions between urban and rural.

scholarly journals Empire, imperialism and the Bush doctrine

2004 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Cox
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
International Relations ◽  
World System ◽  
Class Struggle ◽  
International History ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bush Doctrine ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Survival

It is an empire without a consciousness of itself as such, constantly shocked that its good intentions arouse resentment abroad. But that does not make it any the less of an empire, with a conviction that it alone, in Herman Melville's words, bears ‘the ark of liberties of the world.If all history according to Marx has been the history of class struggle, then all international history, it could just as well be argued, has been the struggle between different kinds of Empire vying for hegemony in a world where the only measure was success and the only means of achieving this was through war. Indeed, so obvious is this fact to historians – but so fixated has the profession of International Relations been with the Westphalian settlement – that it too readily forgets that imperial conquest, rather than mere state survival, has been the principle dynamic shaping the contours of the world system from the sixteenth century onwards. Empires, however, were not just mere agents existing in static structures. They were living entities that thought, planned, and then tried to draw the appropriate lessons from the study of what had happened to others in the past.

scholarly journals FORENSIC MEDICINE OF PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, FROM ITS ORIGINS TO THE PRESENT DAY

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
V. A. Klevno ◽  
Yu. V. Nazarov
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Medicine ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

In the publication, based on the book «the History of forensic medicine» under the editorship of doctor of medical sciences, professor Burkhard Madea, provides basic information about forensic medicine in the People’s Republic of China, details the history of its origin, the path and the complexity of its development, shows the current organization of services, the principles of training of forensic experts. The achievements of Chinese forensic medicine, both in the past and in the present, are noted.

Researches on the Status and Problems of Conservation of Modern Relics and Representative Buildings

2011 ◽  
Vol 243-249 ◽  
pp. 6778-6781
Author(s):  
Ning Bai ◽  
Rong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Complete Chain ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
City Memory ◽  
Opening Up

Excellent buildings in different period recording city memory in different phases, they are connected up and irreplaceable respectively. As the important part of cultural heritage, modern relics and representative buildings pass historical information authentically and play a crucial role in providing historic witnesses. They are carrying a large number of Chinese history and culture sequentially ranging from the Ming, Qing Dynasty, Republic of China, the early days of New China, the Cultural Revolution period, the Opening-up Reform to contemporary times. They are either relevant to the major historical events and people, or occupy a certain position in the history of urban development. They are the sections of complete chain of history and culture. Nevertheless, they’re hardly shown on the list of “preserved heritage”. Concurrent with the construction of city, a large number of excellent modern buildings are suffering from demolition and destruction for they were young. Because of our lack of conservation consciousness and actions, many of them are in a devil of hole fragmented. The partially neglect of the conservation of modern cultural heritage is bound to cause the rupture of our tradition and blankness in memory. It is an increasingly urgent trend to save and protect these building heritages without any delay. This paper attempts to discuss the problems of modern relics and representative buildings conservation and improvement of conservation system.

6. Chinese Papercut Poster Collection

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Fu
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Communist Party ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Revolution ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Past ◽  
Special Collections ◽  
History Of ◽  
15Th Anniversary

For the past five months, I have been working on researching and digitizing a set of twenty-four Chinese papercut posters at W.D. Jordan Rare Books and Special Collections. Using the web publishing platform Omeka, the project combined the digital images of the papercut posters and all the metadata including title, translation, historical background and dimensions. This set of papercuts reflects the history of the Chinese revolution from the founding of the Chinese Communist Party to the establishment of People's Republic of China. This set includes the most representative events in all stages of the revolution creating a microcosm of the history of the Chinese people seeking liberation. Among these historical events, the majority of them were also displayed in the film “The East Is Red” which is a “song and dance epic” filmed in 1965 for celebrating the 15th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China. The Chinese papercut posters online collection preserves and increases accessibility to these rare materials of which there is only one other collection online. By accessing to this site, more scholars can study this unique collection without time and location limitation. Website Link: http://postercollection.omeka.net/collections/show/1

When a Global War Befell a Global City: Recent Historiography on Wartime Shanghai

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Taoyu Yang ◽  
Hongquan Han
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
World War ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
English Speaking World ◽  
Global War ◽  
Chinese And English ◽  
Wartime Experience

Abstract Shanghai was the first Chinese city to bear the full brunt of Japanese aggression during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). This historiographical article reviews the development of the study of wartime Shanghai in Chinese- and English-language academia in the past two decades. In the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai’s history during World War II has long been a favorite topic for academic historians. In the English-speaking world, however, the history of Shanghai’s wartime experience has only recently become a popular research topic. This article introduces many significant works related to wartime Shanghai, lays out important areas of inquiry, and identifies key historiographical trends. Its conclusion offers some suggestions on how the study of wartime Shanghai can be further advanced in the future.

scholarly journals War and humanity in historical perspective: Bosniak experiences in Sandžak in 1941.

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 23-70
Author(s):  
Safet Bandžović ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Interdisciplinary Studies ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Post War

Complex socio-historical processes and turning epochs, as well as numerous segments that are an integral part of people's lives, are the subject of interdisciplinary studies. War is one of the most dramatic, most complex social phenomena. In addition to armed operations, there are a number of other dimensions related to war, starting from psychological, legal, sociological, social, economic, cultural to others. Critical and multiple perspectives contribute to the completion of images of politics, wars and their relations. The disintegrations of the ideological paradigm and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia were accompanied by the (re)construction of new national identities, the outbreak and duration of „wars“ of different memories, the reshaping of consciousness and the re-examination of history, especially those related to World War II. The history of that war in Yugoslavia was undoubtedly the history of several wars which were stacked on top of each other. The main issue with Bosniaks in that war is a multiperspectival topic that requires a multidimensional and deideologized presentation of the position and the position of all involved actors. Numerous issues related to that war, the complex position of Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Sandžak, the emergence of civic responsibility, Bosniak protection of the vulnerable Serb Orthodox population, humanity and assistance, beyond post-war ideological premises and „official truths“ remained more or less marginalized, although they seek more objective and complete answers from multiple angles, for the sake of a more complete view of the past. What is called „local“ or „regional history“, as evidenced by diverse experiences, indicates the multidimensionality of the past, its features and specifics in a certain area. The Second World War in Sandžak could not be understood more objectively outside the broader Yugoslav context. This is also special for the history of Novi Pazar, the largest city in Sandžak which was the subject of many different political plans and conceptions. The history of this city has several sections. After the withdrawal of German forces from Novi Pazar, the Chetniks tried to conquer this city for three times in the fall of 1941. However, thanks to the dedicated defense and the help of Albanian armed groups from Kosovo, Bosniaks managed to defend themselves and Novi Pazar. Even in such a dramatic situation, numerous examples of humanity, solidarity and assistance of Bosniaks to the intimidated Serb urban population have been recorded. In the most difficult days of the war, when Novi Pazar was exposed to Chetnik attacks, a significant part of Bosniaks took actions to prevent anarchy, to save Serbs from terror and revenge. The task of science is to constantly discover forgotten and unknown parts of the past, to re-examine previous knowledge. Everything that happened has a whole range of perspectives. It is necessary to have a multidimensional understanding of the causes and course of events, circuits and time limits, to explain narrowed alternatives. Any reduction of historical totality to only one dimension is problematic. Every nation, every state, in a way, write their „histories“, remember different personalities, events, dates, emphasize various roles, perpetuates monuments, emphatize with different causes and consequences. Contemporary abuses of the interpretation of the war past, one-sided approaches, fierce prejucides and quasi-historical analyzes in the service of the politics damage interethic relations and lead to further growth of tensions and distancing between nations and states in their region.

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