Technological Diffusion in Agriculture Under the Bakuhan System

1971 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kee Il Choi
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Technology Diffusion ◽  
Technological Diffusion ◽  
Land Productivity ◽  
Interregional Trade ◽  
Great Inflation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Natural Barriers

Ohkawa and Rosovsky allege that the jump in Meiji land productivity was the result of exploitation of a large technological backlog which the Bakuhan system created in the advanced region of Tokugawa Japan, such as kinki, by blocking technological diffusion. This allegation is without factual substance—land productivity was probably the highest in the kinki region (prefectures of Kyoto, Osaka, Nara, Wakayama, Mie, Hyogo, and Shiga), but this region was the last place where farming technology could have been bottled up. The han governments could not set up effective artificial barriers there because their landholdings were so fragmented and so intermingled with others in kinki and also because technology-diffusion forces such as traffic, population density, and commercialization were so great. Therefore, it is the specialization of land and labor in order to produce certain crops for the market that was largely responsible for the high land productivity in kinki. Likewise, it is highly likely that the alleged rise in Meiji land productivity can be attributed chiefly to accelerated commercialization and specialization, brought about by the coming of railroads, the commutation of taxes, the great inflation (1877–1881), and general changes in demand. Autonomous and competitive han, driven by the necessity of meeting their increasing expenditures, expanded interregional trade and diffused, rather than obstructed, technology thus overcoming artificial and natural barriers.

scholarly journals Dynamics and Stagnation in the Malthusian Epoch

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 2003-2041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quamrul Ashraf ◽  
Oded Galor
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Land Productivity ◽  
Technological Environment ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Central Hypothesis ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Country

This paper examines the central hypothesis of the influential Malthusian theory, according to which improvements in the technological environment during the preindustrial era had generated only temporary gains in income per capita, eventually leading to a larger, but not significantly richer, population. Exploiting exogenous sources of cross-country variations in land productivity and the level of technological advancement, the analysis demonstrates that, in accordance with the theory, technological superiority and higher land productivity had significant positive effects on population density but insignificant effects on the standard of living, during the time period 1–1500 CE. (JEL N10, N30, N50, O10, O40, O50)

scholarly journals The influence of the distance between traps on the results of pheromone monitoring of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) in the Southern Kyrgyzstan mountain region

2019 ◽  
pp. 185-197
Author(s):  
В.И. Пономарев ◽  
А.М. Мамытов ◽  
К.С. Ашимов
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Gypsy Moth ◽  
Lymantria Dispar ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Forest Protection ◽  
Air Flows ◽  
Third Line ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Many

В связи с тем, что одной из основных целей феромонного мониторинга лесных насекомых является мониторинг динамики плотности популяции целевого вида, корреляционные связи уловистости феромонных ловушек с плотностью популяции начали анализировать сразу же после начала их широкого применения в практике лесозащиты. Абсолютное большинство ученых, проводивших такой анализ, отмечали отсутствие прямой зависимости между плотностью популяции и результатами феромонного мониторинга у непарного шелкопряда Lymantria dispar (L.). В горных условиях Южного Кыргызстана в течение многолетних исследований (2001-2007 гг.) была зафиксирована высокая уловистость самцов вловушки вне зависимости от плотности популяции. Целью исследования было установление влияния схемы расположения ловушек и расстояния между ними на результаты феромонного мониторинга. Выставляли три группы линий ловушек с расстоянием между ловушками в группе 200-250 м. Первую линию ловушек вывешивали в поясе фисташкового редколесья (800-1200 м н.у.м.), вторую - в поясе смешанных насаждений (1200-1600 м н.у.м.), третью - в поясе грецкого ореха (1600-2000 м н.у.м.). Перепад высот между самой нижней и самой верхней ловушками составил более 700 м, протяженность маршрута между этими крайними ловушками - более 10 км. Результаты проведенных исследований показывают, что при устойчивых потоках воздуха самцы в массе могут мигрировать на расстояние до двух километров к точечному источнику феромона. Некоторые самцы - до 4 км. Самцы способны к миграции на значительное расстояния, на что указывает их появление в крайне верхних ловушках верхней зоны в начале их лёта в нижней зоне. Результаты проведенного исследования подтверждают ранее сделанный нами вывод о значительном влиянии устойчивых потоков воздуха на результаты феромонного мониторинга. В этих условиях расстояние между ловушками 2 км и менее приводит к значительному снижению объективности результатов учетов. Since one of the main goals of pheromone monitoring of forest insects is monitoring of the population density of the target species, correlations between catch efficiency of pheromone traps and population density began to be analyzed immediately after their widespread use in the forest protection practice. The absolute majority of authors that carried out such analysis, noted the absence of a direct correlation between population density and the results of pheromone monitoring of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (L.). In the mountainous conditions of Southern Kyrgyzstan, during the many years of pheromone monitoring (2001-2007), a high catch rate of males in traps was recorded, regardless of the population density. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of the trap layout and the distance between them on the results of pheromone monitoring. Three groups of trap lines were set up with a distance of 200- 250 m between the traps in a group. The first line of traps was set up in the belt of the pistachio light forest (800-1200 m above sea level), the second line was set up in the zone of mixed stands (1200-1600 m above sea level), and the third line was set up in the walnut belt (1600-2000 m above sea level). The elevation difference between the lowest and the highest trap was more than 700 m, and the distance between these extreme traps was more than 10 km. The results of this monitoring show that with stable air flows, males in the mass can travel up to two kilometers to a point source of the pheromone. Some males can travel up to 4 km. Males are capable of traveling long way, as indicated by the appearance of males in the uppermost traps of the upper zone during the beginning of their summer flight at the lower zone. The results of this study confirm our earlier conclusion about the significant influence of stable air flows on the results of pheromone monitoring. Under these conditions the distance of 2 km or less between traps leads to significant decrease in the objectivity of monitoring results.

scholarly journals Changes in number of population, population density and households in the settlements of Goc mountain

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Kovacevic ◽  
Milka Bubalo-Zivkovic ◽  
Sasa Kicosev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Population Number ◽  
Patriarchal Family ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Better Than

Bad quality of infrastructure and slow economic development, which is damaged by emigration, made bad influence on the number of inhabitants of the Goc Mountain. According depopulation, population density was reduced too. Tendencies in the changes of number of households and tendencies in the changes of number of population are different. Disappearing of patriarchal family is the evident on the Goc Mountain. Verification of that fact is in the decreasing in number of members in the households. Regional road (R-222) was built in 1939. It was set up through Stanisinci. Because of that, life quality in village Stanisinci was better than Goc. It was the good solution for slowdown of emigration and decreasing of population number in the second half of XX century. Precondition for development promotion of the Goc Mountain is in work on infrastructure quality. Municipality of Vrnjacka Banja plans to use tourism industry for revitalization of settlements on the Goc Mountain.

scholarly journals Utjecaj pripravka na bazi fluopirama i tekućega pilećeg stajnjaka na nematode korijenovih kvržica (Meloidogyne spp.) u nasadu mrkve

Poljoprivreda ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Mirjana Brmež ◽  
Brigita Popović ◽  
Dinka Grubišić ◽  
Tamara Siber ◽  
Emilija Raspudić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Random Block ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp ◽  
Random Block Design ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Nematode Biodiversity ◽  
Positive Effect

The aim of this study was to investigate the nematocidal effect of the preparations based on fluopyram (pesticide) and liquid chicken manure (natural amendment) on the population density of the root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. in carrot crops. The field experiment was set up in four treatments: control (C), fluopyram (FLU), fluopyram and liquid chicken manure (FLU+LCM) and liquid chicken manure (LCM) by a random block design in four replicates. Population density of Meloidogyne spp. juveniles varied between the treatments, and the number of Meloidogyne spp. was significantly decreased in all treatments with fluopyram (FLU and FLU+LCM). All amended treatments (FLU, FLU+LCM, LCM) decreased galling of the roots and had a positive effect on carrot yield. The population of Meloidogyne spp. juveniles increased with the plant growth, regardless of the treatments applied. Fluopyram negatively affected the biodiversity indicating greater disturbance for the nematode community structure in the soil. It can be concluded that fluopyram and liquid chicken manure have nematicidal potential, while liquid chicken manure maintained or enhanced nematode biodiversity.

scholarly journals Multiple steady statehood: the roles of productive and extractive capacities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils-Petter Lagerlöf
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
The Other ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Land Productivity ◽  
Multiple Steady State ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Rate Of Extraction ◽  
Future Population

AbstractThis paper proposes a model of statehood, defined as elite extraction of resources from a subject population. Different from most of the existing literature, the size of the subject population evolves endogenously in a Malthusian fashion, and the elite take into account the effects on future population levels when taxing the current population. The elite can spend extracted resources by investing in productive and extractive capacities. Productive capacity increases the size of the pie, while extractive capacity makes it easier for the elite to tax it. Together—but not each on its own—these two types of investment can give rise to multiple steady-state equilibria, such that one steady state has both a higher rate of extraction, and higher population density and output, than the other steady state. The model can also account for a positive empirical relationship between land productivity and state antiquity among countries with relatively late state development.

Technology Diffusion and Economic Progress in Africa

2012 ◽  
pp. 425-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evans S. C. Osabuohien ◽  
Uchenna R. Efobi
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Technology Diffusion ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Technological Diffusion ◽  
Global Knowledge ◽  
Significant Positive Relationship ◽  
Economic Progress

Application of appropriate technology has been noted as one of the distinguishing factors in growth disparities across countries. Thus, this study investigates the role of technological diffusion in economic progress in Africa. This was achieved using descriptive and empirical analyses based on imitator-innovator theoretical framework. The study established that the sub-regions in Africa with higher values in technological diffusion indicators experienced higher economic progress, which is a good indication of a significant positive relationship between economic progress and technological diffusion. Thus, the study concludes that if Africa must make contribution to the global knowledge economy and move on the path of economic progress, the issue of technological diffusion through adequate investment on R&D, functional education, among others, needs to be addressed with all serious efforts.

scholarly journals MIIND : A Model-Agnostic Simulator of Neural Populations

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Osborne ◽  
Yi Ming Lai ◽  
Mikkel Elle Lepperød ◽  
David Sichau ◽  
Lukas Deutz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Neuron Model ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Direct Simulation ◽  
Neuron Models ◽  
Population Activity ◽  
Transmission Delays ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Set Up

MIIND is a software platform for easily and efficiently simulating the behaviour of interacting populations of point neurons governed by any 1D or 2D dynamical system. The simulator is entirely agnostic to the underlying neuron model of each population and provides an intuitive method for controlling the amount of noise which can significantly affect the overall behaviour. A network of populations can be set up quickly and easily using MIIND's XML-style simulation file format describing simulation parameters such as how populations interact, transmission delays, post-synaptic potentials, and what output to record. During simulation, a visual display of each population's state is provided for immediate feedback of the behaviour and population activity can be output to a file or passed to a Python script for further processing. The Python support also means that MIIND can be integrated into other software such as The Virtual Brain. MIIND's population density technique is a geometric and visual method for describing the activity of each neuron population which encourages a deep consideration of the dynamics of the neuron model and provides insight into how the behaviour of each population is affected by the behaviour of its neighbours in the network. For 1D neuron models, MIIND performs far better than direct simulation solutions for large populations. For 2D models, performance comparison is more nuanced but the population density approach still confers certain advantages over direct simulation. MIIND can be used to build neural systems that bridge the scales between an individual neuron model and a population network. This allows researchers to maintain a plausible path back from mesoscopic to microscopic scales while minimising the complexity of managing large numbers of interconnected neurons. In this paper, we introduce the MIIND system, its usage, and provide implementation details where appropriate.

scholarly journals SERANGAN, KEPADATAN POPULASI, DAN KEANEKARAGAMAN SERANGGA PADA PERTANAMAN JAGUNG YANG DIKELOLA DENGAN OLAH TANAH KONSERVASI VERSUS OLAH TANAH KONVENSIONAL DI NATAR, LAMPUNG SELATAN

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-53
Author(s):  
F.X. Susilo ◽  
I Gede Swibawa
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Control Plot ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Corn Fields ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Significant Injury

Infestation, population, and diversity of insects in corn fields managed under conservation versus full tillage in Natar, South Lampung.  This experimental study that has been conducted during the rainy season of  2000 was aimed to document the attacks, population density and diversity of selected insects in corn fields managed under conservation tillage (sprayed with Roundup herbicide) versus full tillage systems (plowed, no herbicide). Three corn cultivars were planted in four 80 x 60 m plots (larger plots) differing in tillage systems (C7-CT= cultivar C7 grown under conservation tillage system; RRCorn-CT = RRCorn under conservation tillage; C7-FT = C7 under full tillage; Bisma-FT = Bisma under full tillage). All corn seeds were treated with imidacloprid insecticide except those sowed in a control plot (10 x 10 m) that was set up inside the larger plot. Variables being observed were (1) attacks of corn whorl maggots or other organisms,      (2) attacks of leaf feeders and cornearworms and (3) diversity of surface active insects and population density of ants + mites. Results show that, first, seed treatment using imidacloprid insecticide could reduce corn whorl maggot attacks only in Bisma-FT. Second, leaf feeder attacks were varied across tillage systems but did not exceed 4% level. Meanwhile, despite apparently high attack of the cornearworm in the field, no significant injury was detected either in the harvested ears or seeds. Third, pitfalls caught at least 66 families of surface-active insects consisting mostly of ants (65%), springtails (12%), mites (8%) and spiders (5%). Tillage systems did not seem to affect the diversity of the surface-active insects. Compared with the other three plots, the RRCorn-CT plot was dwelled by more ants and mites. Ants and mites were both accounted for more seedling failure in the RRCorn-CT plot while corn whorl maggots were responsible for the seedling failure in the Bisma-FT plot.

The Effects of Drying Techniques on Clay-Rich Soil Texture

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 466-467
Author(s):  
T. G. Naymik
Keyword(s):  
Critical Point ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen Temperature ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Critical Point Drying ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Quartz Grains

Three techniques were incorporated for drying clay-rich specimens: air-drying, freeze-drying and critical point drying. In air-drying, the specimens were set out for several days to dry or were placed in an oven (80°F) for several hours. The freeze-dried specimens were frozen by immersion in liquid nitrogen or in isopentane at near liquid nitrogen temperature and then were immediately placed in the freeze-dry vacuum chamber. The critical point specimens were molded in agar immediately after sampling. When the agar had set up the dehydration series, water-alcohol-amyl acetate-CO2 was carried out. The objectives were to compare the fabric plasmas (clays and precipitates), fabricskeletons (quartz grains) and the relationship between them for each drying technique. The three drying methods are not only applicable to the study of treated soils, but can be incorporated into all SEM clay soil studies.

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