Bureaucrats and Politicians in Policymaking: The Case of Japan

1984 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michio Muramatsu ◽  
Ellis S. Krauss
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Party ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Liberal Democratic Party ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Japanese Politics ◽  
The Government ◽  
Dominant Actor ◽  
The Relationship

This article extends the recent empirical work on the perceptions and role of bureaucrats and politicians in policymaking. The question of the relationship between politicians and bureaucrats and the role of each in policymaking is especially important in the case of Japan, because the prevalent models of Japanese politics and policymaking are those of the “bureaucracy dominant” or of a closely interwoven “ruling triad” of bureaucracy, big business, and the governing Liberal Democratic Party.Data are from a systematic survey of 251 higher civil servants and 101 members of the government and opposition parties in the House of Representatives, supplemented by data from other surveys and, wherever possible, compared to equivalent data from western democracies.The results indicate that Japanese politicians and bureaucrats resemble Western European elites both in social background and in the fact that although the roles of politician and bureaucrat are converging, there are still differences in their contributions to the policymaking process. However, politicians influence policymaking more than most models of Japanese politics have posited, and even government and opposition politicians share some consensus about the most important policy issues facing Japan. A factor analysis demonstrated that higher civil servants' orientations toward their roles vary significantly with their positions in the administrative hierarchy.The 27-year incumbency of the LDP as ruling party has been particularly important in determining the Japanese variant of the relationship between politicians and bureaucrats. We suggest that the Japanese case shows that the bureaucracy's increasing role in policymaking is universal; however, in late-modernizing political systems like Japan's, where the bureaucracy has always been a dominant actor, the growing power of politicians in postwar politics has been the most significant actor in bringing about more convergence in the two elites. Our data on this trend argue for a more complicated and pluralistic view of Japanese policymaking than that provided by either the bureaucracy-dominant or the ruling-triad model.

Ending the LDP Hegemony: Party Cooperation in Japan. By Ray Christensen. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2000. 228p. $52.00 cloth, $27.95 paper.

2001 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-232
Author(s):  
Kenji Hayao
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Party ◽  
Party System ◽  
Liberal Democratic Party ◽  
Party Politics ◽  
Socialist Party ◽  
Coalition Government ◽  
Japanese Politics ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
2000 Election

The Japanese party system has been in flux in recent years. In 1993, two groups defected from the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and joined with the opposition to form a broadly based coalition government. A year later, the LDP regained power by creating a coalition government with its ideological opponent, the Japan Socialist Party (JSP). Both events shocked virtually everyone at the time. The LDP had been in power for so long-almost 40 years-that it seemed almost inconceivable that it could lose power. For just as long, the JSP had been the main opposition. By the 2000 election, a dozen parties had come and gone, the JSP's strength dropped to a very small fraction of what it was a decade earlier, and the LDP had to turn to various coalition partners to maintain its control of government. All this is quite puzzling to even close watchers of Japanese politics, because party politics, especially the role of opposition parties, has been a relatively understudied area. For those who want to make sense of how these events came to pass, Ray Christensen's Ending the LDP Hegemony will be very helpful.

scholarly journals Peran auditor intern pemerintah, motivasi, dan kinerja pegawai negeri sipil

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Doddy Setiawan ◽  
Murya Arief Basuki
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Extrinsic Motivation ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Civil Servant ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Central Java ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to examine the role of the government internal auditor (APIP) on civil servant performance. Further this study analyze the effect of motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic motivation) as mediating variable between the role of the APIP on civil servant performance. The study is conducted in Kudus Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. This research was conducted through a survey with a random sampling method to all civil servants in the Government of Kudus, Central Java, Indonesia. The sample of this research consists of 272 employees. The statistical analysis using SEM-PLS for hypothesis testing. The results shows that the APIP role has positive influence on employee performance. Further, the study provide evidence that intrinsic motivation mediating the relationship between APIP role and the civil servant performance. However, extrinsic motivation do not mediate the relationship between the role of APIP and civil servants performance. The result shows that the increase of APIP role and intrinsic motivation positively affect civil servant performance.

Gender justice discourse in the educational system of Afghanistan during the Marxist period (1978–1992)

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 632-644
Author(s):  
M Davood Sokhanwar ◽  
Seyed Mahdi Sajjadi ◽  
Yahia Baiza ◽  
Mohsen Imani
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Party ◽  
Gender Justice ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Hegemonic Discourse ◽  
Qualitative Research Methodology ◽  
Effective Role ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Political Agents

This study examines women’s access to education (‘gender justice’) during the rule of the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan from 1978 to 1992, using a qualitative research methodology and discourse analysis at the operational level from the perspective of Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse theory. The data collected in this research were extracted from textual sources concerning the role of women in education in Afghanistan in the Marxist era: the importance of the data concerns an understanding of the intellectual and political atmosphere, particularly with regard to women’s education, in the government of the time. It is concluded that several factors contributed to the failure of the hegemonic discourse, despite intensive efforts made by Marxist government to realize hegemony and gender justice. Political agents, availability, credibility and exclusion, as elements of the hegemonic discourse, were evaluated and it is further concluded that these elements were unable to play an effective role in the discourse, as had been expected, and were gradually marginalized.

scholarly journals Keterlibatan Masyarakat Urban dalam Pengolahan Sampah Rumah Tangga

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 729
Author(s):  
Yosica Mariana
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Active Participation ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The Government ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Regional Governments

Generally, activities conducted by people generate waste. The waste which increasingly rises causing a big problem. Therefore, the role of community in waste management will strongly support the process of solving the waste problem in the community. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of engagement and active participation of citizens, as reflected in the attitude of citizens in the activities related to the response to the waste problem in the community. A descriptive method was used in this study to describe the involvement and participation in the prevention of waste. The result showed that the paradigm of PSBM (community-based waste management) appeared sporadically and has not yet received the maximum support from regional governments. A paradigm which is “people pay, the government manages“, has grown within the community for years. It would hardly change people’s behaviour patterns in solving the waste problem in the community since changing the city into a city that is clean, comfortable and healthy involved many parties, including the community.

scholarly journals RELASI AGAMA DAN POLITIK DI ACEH PASCA KONFLIK; Pemerintah Indonesia-Gerakan Aceh Merdeka

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Reni Kumalasari
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Islam And Politics ◽  
Indonesian Government ◽  
Free Aceh Movement ◽  
Practical Politics ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

This article tries to explain how the relationship between Islam and politics after the conflict between the Government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement (GAM). After the peace agreement between the two parties with the signing of the Helsinki MoU, the Indonesian government interpreted the agreement in Law No. 11 of 2006 concerning the Government of Aceh (UUPA). The presence of the act makes the ulama a partner of the government in running the wheels of government by giving fatwa on issues of government, development, community development, and the economy. Furthermore, after peace, the role of the ulama was not only to give knowledge to the community, some ulama participated in practical politics. This was one of the effects of the UUPA, where Aceh was given the privilege of establishing local political parties. At present some ulama have occupied various positions in party management, and even participated in the regional head election (PILKADA), where religious values are used as a means of gaining power.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN REGIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT FOR THE HANDLING OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Yurispruden ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Fahrul Abrori
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Relationship

 ABSTRAKPandemi Covid-19 yang terjadi di Indonesia membuat pemerintah membuat kebijakan-kebijakan sebagai stimulus untuk menjaga kestabilan masyarakat dan perekonomian. Pemerintah pusat memberikan kewenangan kepada pemerintah daerah untuk mengelola keuangan daerah untuk menangani covid-19 di daerah masing-masing. Hal ini disebabkan karena pemerintah daerah lebih memahami kebutuhan daerahnya. Permasalahan yang diangkat Pertama, bagaimana hubungan Pemerintah Pusat dan Pemerintah Daerah dalam pengelolaan keuangan untuk penanganan pandemi Covid-19? Kedua, Apa peran Pemerintah Daerah dalam pengelolaan keuangan daerah untuk penanganan pandemi Covid-19? Menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konsep. Hubungan Pemerintah Pusat dan Pemerintah Daerah dalam Pengelolaan Keuangan untuk Penanganan Pandemi Covid-19 yaitu desentralisasi fiskal yang mana. Peran Pemerintah Daerah dalam Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah untuk Penanganan Pandemi Covid-19 yaitu dengan melakukan refocusing kegiatan, realokasi anggaran, dan Penggunaan Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah.Kata kunci: Pemerintah Daerah, Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah, Pandemi Covid-19 ABSTRACTThe Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia led the government to make policies as a stimulus to maintain the stability of society and the economy. The central government authorizes local governments to manage local finances to deal with covid-19 in their respective regions. This is because the local government better understands the needs of the region. The issue raised first, how is the relationship between the Central Government and Local Government in financial management for the handling of the Covid-19 pandemic? Second, What is the role of local governments in regional financial management for the handling of the Covid-19 pandemic? Using normative juridical research methods with statutory approaches and concept approaches. The relationship between the Central Government and Local Government in Financial Management for the Handling of the Covid-19 Pandemic is fiscal decentralization. The role of local governments in regional financial management for the handling of the Covid-19 pandemic is by refocusing activities, reallocating budgets, and using regional budgets.Keywords: Local Government, Regional Financial Management, Covid-19 Pandemic

The Liberal Democratic Party: Its adaptability and predominance in Japanese politics for 60 years

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-22
Author(s):  
Michio Umeda
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
Japanese Society ◽  
Liberal Democratic Party ◽  
Electoral Reform ◽  
Party Organization ◽  
Allocation System ◽  
Japanese Politics ◽  
Liberal Democratic

This article discusses the origin and continuity of the predominance of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) in Japanese politics since the party’s formation in 1955. The LDP experienced two crises in its history, the first owing to the transformation of Japanese society by rapid economic development during the 1960–1970s, and the second due to the electoral reform in 1994 and the challenge from the Democratic Party of Japan thereafter. I argue that the LDP’s continuous success is attributable to its adaptability to new environments: the party overcame the first crisis by shifting the policy focus, reorganizing its support base and the party organization to achieve intraparty consensus. It coped with the second crisis by forming a coalition with the Clean Government Party and reforming the party’s presidential election and the ministerial post-allocation system. The article concludes with a summary and a brief discussion regarding the future of the LDP.

6. The administrative justice system

2021 ◽  
pp. 160-196
Author(s):  
Martin Partington
Keyword(s):  
Justice System ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Members Of Parliament ◽  
System P ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Administrative Justice

This chapter focuses on administrative justice. It reflects on the nature of administrative law and the role it plays in modern society, overseeing the relationship between the citizen and the state. Once again adopting the holisitic approach, the chapter discusses not only the role of the courts, but also the tribunals, ombudsmen, and other bodies and processes that together make up the institutional framework of administrative justice. It notes some of the key changes being introduced as a result of the Transformation Programme and the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It also considers the particular responsibilities of Members of Parliament in holding the Government to account. In addition, it asks who has general oversight of the system and whether current oversight arrangements are adequate.

scholarly journals The Intermingling of State and Private Companies: Analysing Censorship of the 19th National Communist Party Congress on WeChat

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Lotus Ruan ◽  
Masashi Crete-Nishihata ◽  
Jeffrey Knockel ◽  
Ruohan Xiong ◽  
Jakub Dalek
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Information Control ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Critical Content ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Party Congress

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between political events and information control on WeChat through a longitudinal analysis of keyword censorship related to China's 19th National Communist Party Congress (NCPC19). We use a novel method to track censorship on WeChat before, during and after the NCPC19 to probe the following questions. Does censorship change after an event is over? What roles do the government and private companies play in information control in China? Our findings show that the system of information control in China can trigger blunt reactions to political events. In addition to critical content around the Congress and leaders, WeChat also censored neutral and potentially positive references to government policies and ideological concepts. The decision making behind this censorship is a product of the interaction between the government, which influences actions through directives, and the companies, which ultimately implement controls on their platforms. While this system is effective in compelling companies to implement censorship, the intermingling of the state and private companies can lead to outcomes that may not align with government strategies. We call for a deeper understanding of the role of private companies in censorship and a more nuanced assessment of the government's capacity to control social media.

Changing relations among the government, labor, and business in Japan after the oil crisis

1988 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikuo Kume
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Party ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Liberal Democratic Party ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Wage Bargaining ◽  
Oil Crisis ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
Wage Increases

Many scholars argue that labor is excluded from Japan's political system. However, since the 1970s, labor has become considerably influential in the policymaking process in Japan. The oil crisis of 1973 and the Shuntou wage bargaining of 1975 have made labor, especially private-sector unions, modest in their wage demands, but at the same time these events have made labor participate actively in the policymaking process in order to maintain employment and seek some benefits from the government. This article demonstrates that Japan's increasing export-dependence and tradeoffs between wage increases on the one hand, and inflation and unemployment on the other in the 1970s, have driven labor to this new, more active role in policymaking, while the necessity for the governing Liberal Democratic party to seek a new constituency has enabled labor to achieve some success in this new role. This implies that Japan's political system has changed its nature since the 1970s; its political process has become more pluralistic with labor's participation within the existing political system.

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