Schema Theory: An Information Processing Model of Perception and Cognition

1973 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1248-1266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Axelrod
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Schema Theory ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
System Level ◽  
Information Processing Model ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
The World ◽  
Dynamic Description ◽  
Selection Of

The world is complex, and yet people are able to make some sense out of it. This paper offers an information-processing model to describe this aspect of perception and cognition. The model assumes that a person receives information which is less than perfect in terms of its completeness, its accuracy, and its reliability. The model provides a dynamic description of how a person evaluates this kind of information about a case, how he selects one of his pre-existing patterns (called schemata) with which to interpret the case, and how he uses the interpretation to modify and extend his beliefs about the case. It also describes how this process allows the person to make the internal adjustments which will serve as feedback for the interpretation of future information. A wide variety of evidence from experimental and social psychology is cited to support the decisions which went into constructing the separate parts of the schema theory, and further evidence is cited supporting the theory's system-level predictions. Since the schema theory allows for (but does not assume) the optimization of its parameters, it is also used as a framework for a normative analysis of the selection of schemata. Finally, a few illustrations from international relations and especially foreign-policy formation show that this model of how people make sense out of a complex world can be directly relevant to the study of important political processes.

The 1945 World Order – Process with «Open» Continuation

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-79
Author(s):  
V. T. Yungblud
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
World Order ◽  
International Order ◽  
International Terrorism ◽  
Bipolar Structure ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
The World ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Cold War

The Yalta-Potsdam system of international relations, established by culmination of World War II, was created to maintain the security and cooperation of states in the post-war world. Leaders of the Big Three, who ensured the Victory over the fascist-militarist bloc in 1945, made decisive contribution to its creation. This system cemented the world order during the Cold War years until the collapse of the USSR in 1991 and the destruction of the bipolar structure of the organization of international relations. Post-Cold War changes stimulated the search for new structures of the international order. Article purpose is to characterize circumstances of foundations formation of postwar world and to show how the historical decisions made by the leaders of the anti-Hitler coalition powers in 1945 are projected onto modern political processes. Study focuses on interrelated questions: what was the post-war world order and how integral it was? How did the political decisions of 1945 affect the origins of the Cold War? Does the American-centrist international order, that prevailed at the end of the 20th century, genetically linked to the Atlantic Charter and the goals of the anti- Hitler coalition in the war, have a future?Many elements of the Yalta-Potsdam system of international relations in the 1990s survived and proved their viability. The end of the Cold War and globalization created conditions for widespread democracy in the world. The liberal system of international relations, which expanded in the late XX - early XXI century, is currently experiencing a crisis. It will be necessary to strengthen existing international institutions that ensure stability and security, primarily to create barriers to the spread of national egoism, radicalism and international terrorism, for have a chance to continue the liberal principles based world order (not necessarily within a unipolar system). Prerequisite for promoting idea of a liberal system of international relations is the adjustment of liberalism as such, refusal to unilaterally impose its principles on peoples with a different set of values. This will also require that all main participants in modern in-ternational life be able to develop a unilateral agenda for common problems and interstate relations, interact in a dialogue mode, delving into the arguments of opponents and taking into account their vital interests.

Infosphere to Ethosphere

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 53-70
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Benjamin White
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Moral Disengagement ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Information Ethics ◽  
Moral Cognition ◽  
Information Processing Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Distributed Morality

This paper reviews the complex, overlapping ideas of two prominent Italian philosophers, Lorenzo Magnani and Luciano Floridi, with the aim of facilitating the nonviolent transformation of self and world, and with a focus on information technologies in mediating this process. In Floridi’s information ethics, problems of consistency arise between self-poiesis, anagnorisis, entropy, evil, and the narrative structure of the world. Solutions come from Magnani’s work in distributed morality, moral mediators, moral bubbles and moral disengagement. Finally, two examples of information technology, one ancient and one new, a Socratic narrative and an information processing model of moral cognition, are offered as mediators for the nonviolent transformation of self and world respectively, while avoiding the tragic requirements inherent in Floridi’s proposal.

An Information-Processing Model of the Aircraft Accident Investigator

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myron L. Braunstein ◽  
Orel F. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Computer Program ◽  
Computer Model ◽  
Motion Pictures ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Information Processing Model ◽  
Aircraft Accidents ◽  
Aircraft Accident ◽  
Terrain Features ◽  
Selection Of

Verbal reports elicited from accident investigators and motion pictures of the investigators' activities during 16 investigations of light aircraft accidents were used as the empirical basis for a computer model of the aircraft accident investigator. The model simulates the major processes apparent in the investigators' reports, including the selection of aircraft and terrain features to be observed and the generating and testing of kinematics hypotheses. The computer program accepts a description of aircraft damage and gouge marks and generates a series of kinematics hypotheses. The effects of variations in investigator parameters on the outputs of the model were studied in a series of 40 simulation runs. A preliminary comparison was made between the output of the model and the conclusions of a human investigator working with the same data.

scholarly journals SCHEMA THEORY IN READING CLASS

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Fahriany Fahriany
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Schema Theory ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
The World ◽  
Construct Meaning

Comprehension is making a sense out of text. It is a process of using reader’s existing knowledge (schemata) to interpret texts in order to construct meaning. Many reading experts agree that the schema theory is one of the reasonable theories of human information processing. Schemata, the plural of schema, are believed to be the building blocks of cognition. This paper discusses the role of readers’ preexisting knowledge on linguistics code as well as readers’ knowledge of the world (schema), which for the case of reading has similar importance of the printed words in the text. It is argued that the more non visual information the reader posses, the less visual information is needed. For teaching and learning, teachers are expected to use different strategies in order to deal with different students’ preexisting knowledge and schema to maximize students’ learning.

scholarly journals Peacekeeping in a changing world at the turn of the century

nauka.me ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Victoria Zagitova
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Conflict Prevention ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
The World ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Political processes have been challenged since the the late twentieth century as many new actors have been involved in the international relations. As a result, a definition of peacekeeping has been considerably changed compared to what was laid down in the UN Charter by the countries-founders. The globalization and technological development have influenced the transformation of peacekeeping. Meanwhile, the tendency of using military force to maintain peace is increasing. What is peacekeeping now, and could it be considered as an effective tool of peace maintenance and conflict prevention throughout the world?

Infosphere to Ethosphere

2012 ◽  
pp. 215-233
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Benjamin White
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Moral Disengagement ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Information Ethics ◽  
Moral Cognition ◽  
Information Processing Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Distributed Morality

This paper reviews the complex, overlapping ideas of two prominent Italian philosophers, Lorenzo Magnani and Luciano Floridi, with the aim of facilitating the nonviolent transformation of self and world, and with a focus on information technologies in mediating this process. In Floridi’s information ethics, problems of consistency arise between self-poiesis, anagnorisis, entropy, evil, and the narrative structure of the world. Solutions come from Magnani’s work in distributed morality, moral mediators, moral bubbles and moral disengagement. Finally, two examples of information technology, one ancient and one new, a Socratic narrative and an information processing model of moral cognition, are offered as mediators for the nonviolent transformation of self and world respectively, while avoiding the tragic requirements inherent in Floridi’s proposal.

scholarly journals When FIFA Rules the World: Hegemoni FIFA Terhadap Indonesia Dalam Kasus Pembekuan PSSI 2015-2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Arry Bainus ◽  
Rusadi Kantaprawira ◽  
Indra Kusumawardhana
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
The State ◽  
International Organization ◽  
The Political ◽  
Intellectual Work ◽  
Global Institutions ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Intervention ◽  
Selection Of

The bitter sanctions against the Indonesian Football Association (PSSI) by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) in 2015-2016 revealed an irritate reality regarding how weak the position of the state is; when dealing with organizations that are considered as representations of global institutions in the world of football. Therefore, Indonesia's powerlessness has made the question why the state is powerless before FIFA as an international organization finds its importance. Using the Coxian approach to understand the World Orders, this article argues that this condition due to the FIFA’s hegemony which supported by three main aspects, namely; first, the idea of football which is a populist sport, must be separated from the political intervention of state power. Second, FIFA's material capacity has made football as a sport with high economic value, even in Indonesia itself. Finally, supported by the previous two aspects, the governance of FIFA institutions has gripped various regions of the world, so that it has created sovereignty in the world of football. Using critical analysis, the intellectual work of this paper does not only intend to improvise in the selection of topics but also presents alternative narratives in the contemporary constellation of contemporary international relations studies.

Greenland as a self-governing sub-national territory in international relations: past, current and future perspectives

Polar Record ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Ackrén ◽  
Uffe Jakobsen
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy

ABSTRACTGreenland was used by the US as a platform and as an extended arm within its security and foreign policy during the World War II and the cold war. After this things changed, although Greenland remained important in Danish-US relations under the umbrella of NATO. Nowadays, the geostrategic position of Greenland between North America and Europe is gaining fresh prominence in the race for natural resources in the Arctic. Many issues arise from the prospective opening of the Arctic, all of which may have fateful impacts on future development in the region. Climate change, claims related to the extension of the continental shelf, exploitation and exploration of natural resources, together with the protection of indigenous peoples are all current issues that must be taken into consideration in the context of security and foreign policy formation in Greenland. The future of the Thule Air Base is also relevant. This article reviews developments from the World War II to the present regarding international relations from a Greenlandic perspective. As a self-governing sub-national territory within the realm of Denmark, Greenland does not have the ultimate decision-making power within foreign and security policy. The new Self-Government Act of 2009, however, gives Greenland some room for manoeuvre in this respect.

“To Corrupt a Man in the Midst of a Verse”: Ben Jonson and the Prose of the World

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-72
Author(s):  
Jacob Tootalian
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Mode ◽  
Ben Jonson ◽  
Digital Analysis ◽  
Interactive Engagement ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Linguistic Patterns ◽  
The World ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Bartholomew Fair

Ben Jonson's early plays show a marked interest in prose as a counterpoint to the blank verse norm of the Renaissance stage. This essay presents a digital analysis of Jonson's early mixed-mode plays and his two later full-prose comedies. It examines this selection of the Jonsonian corpus using DocuScope, a piece of software that catalogs sentence-level features of texts according to a series of rhetorical categories, highlighting the distinctive linguistic patterns associated with Jonson's verse and prose. Verse tends to employ abstract, morally and emotionally charged language, while prose is more often characterized by expressions that are socially explicit, interrogative, and interactive. In the satirical economy of these plays, Jonson's characters usually adopt verse when they articulate censorious judgements, descending into prose when they wade into the intractable banter of the vicious world. Surprisingly, the prosaic signature that Jonson fashioned in his earlier drama persisted in the two later full-prose comedies. The essay presents readings of Every Man Out of his Humour and Bartholomew Fair, illustrating how the tension between verse and prose that motivated the satirical dynamics of the mixed-mode plays was released in the full-prose comedies. Jonson's final experiments with theatrical prose dramatize the exhaustion of the satirical impulse by submerging his characters almost entirely in the prosaic world of interactive engagement.

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