Federal Aid to the States: 1940 Model

1940 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin F. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
National Guard ◽  
Forest Service ◽  
Federal Aid ◽  
Federal Grants ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Full Force ◽  
Forest Fire Protection

In the year 1930, before the Great Depression had unleashed its full fury, federal aid to the states totaled approximately $135,000,000. The highway grants represented more than one-half of this amount, and National Guard payments accounted for another 22 per cent. The number of subsidies did not exceed 11, even if we treat as separate grants the payments for forest fire protection and distribution of nursery stock—both administered by the Forest Service in the Department of Agriculture. Opposition to the principle of grants-in-aid was strong, and had compelled the abandonment of the grant for child hygiene. No uniform federal policy had been established concerning the purposes for which aid should be given, the bases on which it should be apportioned, or the extent to which the federal administering agencies should exercise supervision or control over state activities.But 1940 marks the beginning of a new decade. The tragic thirties are past, and the full force of their impact on intergovernmental relations can now be observed. It is timely, therefore, to re-examine the system of federal grants-in-aid, and note the more important changes that have occurred. The most obvious fact is the increased use of the subsidy principle.

The Commission on Intergovernmental Relations: A Report to the President for Transmittal to the Congress. (Washington: Government Printing Office. 1955. Pp. xi, 311. $1.25). - A Description of Twenty-five Federal Grant-in-Aid Programs (Pp. vii, 179). Submitted to the Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955.) - A Staff Report on Civil Defense and Urban Vulnerability (Pp. viii, 35). Submitted to the Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955.) - A Staff Report on Federal Aid to Airports (Pp. viii, 137). Submitted to the Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955.) - A Study Committee Report on Federal Aid to Agriculture (Pp. vii, 38). Submitted to the Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955.) - A Study Committee Report on Federal Aid to Highways (Pp. viii, 40). Submitted to the Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955.) - A Study Committee Report on Federal Aid to Public Health (Pp. viii, 53). Submitted to the Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955.) - A Study Committee Report on Federal Aid to Welfare (Pp. ix, 115). Submitted to the Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955.) - A Study Committee Report on Natural Resources and Conservation (Pp. vii, 35). Submitted to the Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955.) - A Study Committee Report on Payments in Lieu of Taxes and Shared Revenues (Pp. ix, 197). Submitted to the Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955.) - A Sub-Committee Report on Natural Disaster Relief (Pp. vii, 34). Submitted to the Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955.) - A Survey Report on The Impact of Federal Grants-in-Aid on the Structure and Functions of State and Local Governments (Pp. vii, 489). Submitted to the Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955.) - An Advisory Committee Report on Local Government (Pp. vii, 62). Submitted to the Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955.) - Summaries of Survey Reports on The Administrative and Fiscal Impact of Federal Grants-in-Aid (Pp. xi, 120). Submitted to the Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 208-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Wheare
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
Civil Defense ◽  
Government Printing ◽  
Committee Report ◽  
Federal Aid ◽  
Federal Grants ◽  
Federal Grant ◽  
Study Committee ◽  
The Impact

U.S. Farm and Food Subsidies

Food Fights ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 162-186
Author(s):  
Sarah Ludington
Keyword(s):  
Right Wing ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
School Lunches ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Farm Bill ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The Right ◽  
American Agriculture ◽  
Farm Subsidies ◽  
The U.S

From its founding, the U.S. government has promoted agriculture, and since the Great Depression, has directly supported farm incomes and crop prices. Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal programs linked farm subsidies to food assistance for the poor, a politically successful combination then and now. Sarah Ludington describes how the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), through the Farm Bill, became responsible for school lunches, food stamps, and land conservation in addition to billions of dollars in subsidies for commodity crops like corn and cotton. Now a target for both the right wing and left wing of American politics, the Farm Bill continues to embody the tensions at the heart of American agriculture.

scholarly journals Air Pollution and Watershed Research in the Central Sierra Nevada of California: Nitrogen and Ozone

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 206-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Hunsaker ◽  
Andrzej Bytnerowicz ◽  
Jessica Auman ◽  
Ricardo Cisneros
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Forest Service ◽  
Passive Samplers ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Clean Air

Maintaining healthy forests is the major objective for the Forest Service scientists and managers working for the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Air pollution, specifically ozone (O3) and nitrogenous (N) air pollutants, may severely affect the health of forest ecosystems in the western U.S. Thus, the monitoring of air pollution concentration and deposition levels, as well as studies focused on understanding effects mechanisms, are essential for evaluation of risks associated with their presence. Such information is essential for development of proper management strategies for maintaining clean air, clean water, and healthy ecosystems on land managed by the Forest Service. We report on two years of research in the central Sierra Nevada of California, a semi-arid forest at elevations of 1100–2700 m. Information on O3and N air pollutants is obtained from a network of 18 passive samplers. We relate the atmospheric N concentration to N concentrations in streams, shallow soil water, and bulk deposition collectors within the Kings River Experimental Watershed. This watershed also contains an intensive site that is part of a recent Forest Service effort to calculate critical loads for N, sulfur, and acidity to forest ecosystems. The passive sampler design allows for extensive spatial measurements while the watershed experiment provides intensive spatial data for future analysis of ecosystem processes.

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