Distinguishing Administrative Aspects of the Farm Credit Administration

1936 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1117-1133
Author(s):  
Herbert Emmerich
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Biological Cycle ◽  
Credit Policy ◽  
Future Needs ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Farm Credit ◽  
Credit Channels ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Loan System

The federal farm loan system is a government established, aided, and supervised organization, designed to render an economic service in the field of agricultural lending. Its main purpose is to create and keep open a continuous channel between the farmer and sources of surplus funds in large centers. It was founded nineteen years ago, and has been developed and amplified in order to pool the credit needs of individual farmers with good credit and good farms, and provide for them more nearly the same terms and rates extended to large industrial borrowers. These general rules may be said to govern the operations of its credit policy: (1) without attempting to make all agricultural loans, Farm Credit Administration endeavors to supplement the activities of other agencies, and to set a standard of costs of credit and the terms upon which such credit is extended to agriculture; (2) interest rates charged to farmers should bear a relation to the cost of money to the Farm Credit Administration in the investment market at the time the loan is made; (3) loans should be made with reference to the needs of agriculture and the biological cycle of production; and (4) loans should be made which are within the capacity of the farmer to pay, so that he may repay them out of farm income, minimize his indebtedness, and keep credit channels open for future needs.

scholarly journals Simulating the Impact of Input-Price Inflation on Farm Income

1971 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
Leroy Quance ◽  
Luther Tweeten
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Labor Unions ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Input Price ◽  
Price Inflation ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
Imperfectly Competitive ◽  
The Cost ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Impact

A 1964 survey of 500 wheat producers in Oklahoma and Kansas revealed that the cost-price squeeze is most commonly viewed by farmers as the major cause of chronically low farm income.The cost side of the squeeze is widely attributed to the wage-price spiral caused by cycles of wage and input price increases negotiated between labor unions and imperfectly competitive firms, and to rising taxes and interest rates.

scholarly journals The Impact of Green Credit on the Green Innovation Level of Heavy-Polluting Enterprises—Evidence from China

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 650
Author(s):  
Zhifeng Zhang ◽  
Hongyan Duan ◽  
Shuangshuang Shan ◽  
Qingzhi Liu ◽  
Wenhui Geng
Keyword(s):  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Double Difference ◽  
Credit Policy ◽  
Green Innovation ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Corporate Credit ◽  
Credit Financing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This article uses the “Green Credit Guidelines” promulgated in 2012 as an example to construct a quasi-natural experiment and uses the double difference method to test the impact of the implementation of the “Green Credit Guidelines” on the green innovation activities of heavy-polluting enterprises. The study found that, in comparison to non-heavy polluting enterprises, the implementation of green credit policies inhibited the green innovation of all heavy-polluting enterprises. In the analysis of heterogeneity, this restraint effect did not differ significantly due to the nature of property rights and the company’s size. The mechanism test showed that green credit policy limits the efficiency of business investment and increases the cost of financing business debt. Eliminating corporate credit financing, particularly long-term borrowing, negatively impacts the green innovation behavior of listed companies.

scholarly journals Analysis of Profit Efficiency of Sesame Production in Yobe State, Nigeria: A Stochastic Translog Profit Function Approach

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-70
Author(s):  
S. E. Jonah ◽  
B. G. Shettima ◽  
A. S. S. Umar ◽  
E. Timothy
Keyword(s):  
Percent Level ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Profit Function ◽  
Market Information ◽  
Profit Efficiency ◽  
Extension Services ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Education Access ◽  
The Cost

Aims: Sesame productions are constantly bedeviled with menace because of inadequate supply of quality seed, extension services, credit facilities, presence of inefficiencies among others. The capacity of sesame producers to accept new innovation and achieve sustained production relies upon the level of profit efficiency, generally dictated by variable input and output prices including the cost of fixed factors of production. Physical profitability contemplations such technical, allocative and economic efficiency are significant in improving production proficiency but profit efficiency will result to higher profit to sesame farmers. This paper examined the profit efficiency of sesame production in Yobe State, Nigeria. Research Methods: Multistage sampling procedure is utilized to choose the farmers. A structured questionnaire is administered to 180 respondents spread across 12 Local Government Areas to acquired essential information. Descriptive statistics used includes mean, frequency and percentage. The inferential statistic used is stochastic translog profit function. Findings: The result of levels of profit efficiency shows the mean profit efficiency of 0.8828. The result of the translog profit function indicates the sigma square to be 0.249 and variance of 0.909. All the cost variables has negative coefficients and significant at one percent level except for cost of farmlands. The inefficiency variables levels of education, Access to Extension Services, Access to credits among others reduce inefficiency while off-farm income and access to market information increase inefficiency. Conclusion: It can be concluded that inefficiency exist in the utilization of resources. All the input cost variable decreases profit efficiency and all the socioeconomic characteristics decreases profit inefficiency with the exception of, off-farm income and access to market information which were found to increase profit inefficiency.

scholarly journals Analysis of Effects of Service Quality and Loyalty on Interest Rates of Basketball Athletes in Sahabat Basketball Club Yogyakarta

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-160
Author(s):  
Kukuh Hardopo Putro ◽  
Mohd Salleh Aman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Customer Trust

AbstractIn business, especially basketball experience an increased very rapidly, both in terms of quality and quantity in Yogyakarta. Customer as the facilities and services the user pays the cost, much influenced by several internal and external factors. These factors have a major influence on the process of the customer to pay a fee to join and dues in Basketball Clubs. This type of research is descriptive with mixed qualitative and quantitative approach, population in this study is the Athlete Club Basketball “Sahabat” of Yogyakarta, with the number of 20 people, the study sample was determined by random sampling. The technique of collecting data using questionnaires. SPSS.21 using data analysis techniques. While looking at the level of loyalty of respondents to the basketball club Yogyakarta “Sahabat”, 13 of 20 respondents said well (65%) and 7 respondents (35%) had middle loyalty. So from this study showed that customer trust is strongly influenced by the good facilities, appropriate tariffs, staff were nice, the service was very good, and therefore in this study obtained very significant results to customer satisfaction or athletes in the Club Basketball “Sahabat” of Yogyakarta.

scholarly journals Is change worth it? The effects of adopting modern agricultural inputs on household welfare in Rwanda

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-236
Author(s):  
Aimable Nsabimana ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Market Access ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Household Welfare ◽  
Switching Regression ◽  
Adoption Decision ◽  
Advisory Services ◽  
Effective Dissemination ◽  
Farm Credit ◽  
Household Farm

This study investigates the driving factors that influence farmers’ decisions to adopt modern agricultural inputs (MAI) and how this affects farm household welfare in rural Rwanda. To account for heterogeneity in the MAI adoption decision and unobservable farm and household attributes, we estimate an endogenous switching regression (ESR) model. The findings reveal that size of land endowment, access to farm credit and awareness of farm advisory services are the main driving forces behind MAI adoption. The analysis further shows that MAI adoption increases household farm income, farm yield and equivalised consumption per capita. This implies that adopting MAI is the most consistent and potentially best pathway to reduce poverty among rural farmers. The study hence suggests that policymakers should align the effective dissemination of MAI information and farm advisory services, strengthen farm credit systems and improve market access – most crucially at affordable prices – among small-farmers throughout Rwanda.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE BANKING CONSUMER CREDITING IN UKRAINE

2017 ◽  
pp. 156-163
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Chaikovskyi
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Consumer Credit ◽  
Bank Lending ◽  
Credit Policy ◽  
Rapid Reduction ◽  
Current State ◽  
Banking Institutions ◽  
Analytical Assessment ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
High Level

The article discusses different points of view and the essence of the economic category of «consumer credit». Analytical assessment of the current state and bank lending to individuals in Ukraine is carried out. Analysis of development of bank crediting of individuals has revealed that from 2005 to 2016 and for two months in 2017 consumer crediting in Ukraine has been developing unevenly. A comparative analysis of the dynamics of loans granted by banking institutions to residents, juridical and physical persons is carried out. The current state of bank crediting of individuals is characterized by a gradual decrease of volumes and a rapid reduction in the proportion in total bank lending. The main problems regarding the granting credits to individuals by banking institutions are revealed. High level of interest rates on loans to individuals, reduction of real incomes and risky credit policy of banks are the main obstacles of development of the bank consumer crediting. Recommendations for ensuring and increase of the efficiency of bank consumer crediting have been developed.

The Evolution and Importance of Public Credit

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Stasavage
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Public Credit ◽  
The Difference ◽  
City States ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Territorial States ◽  
New Evidence

This chapter examines why access to credit was important for European states and provides extensive new evidence on the evolution of public credit across five centuries, from 1250 to 1750. The ability to borrow was critical in medieval and early modern Europe because it allowed states to participate in wars, either defensive or offensive. In order to better understand this fact, the chapter analyzes the movement that took place from compulsory to paid service for soldiers, along with opportunities to finance wars through current taxation. It also explains when states first borrowed long-term and measures the cost of borrowing, focusing on interest rates based on nominal rates at issue when these are available, and based on the fiscal proxy when they are not. The chapter highlights the difference between city-states and territorial states, with the former enjoying an apparent financial advantage that allowed them to begin borrowing earlier and to obtain access to lower-cost finance.

scholarly journals Impact of Proposed Changes in Commodity Programs on Farmers and Agricultural Business in the Northeast

1977 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-184
Author(s):  
K. L. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Farm Income ◽  
Farm Programs ◽  
Agricultural Business ◽  
Commodity Programs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
On Farm

The proposed changes in commodity programs which are now being considered by Congress will not have a major impact on the incomes of farmers in the Northeast nor on sales of firms supplying inputs or services to farmers. This conclusion is based on the assumption that the principal changes finally adopted will be to raise target prices for wheat, and to a lesser degree for corn, and to encourage on-farm storage of these commodities. Neither commodity, of course, is an important source of farm income in most of the states represented at this meeting. One of the consequences of raising target prices, however, will be to increase the cost of farm programs. Substantial government payments are likely to be made once again to producers of wheat and perhaps to those growing corn and cotton as well.

scholarly journals Let’s get back to work: Preventive biological cycle management of COVID-19 in the workplace

Work ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Jahangiri ◽  
Rosanna Cousins ◽  
Vahid Gharibi
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Biological Cycle ◽  
Worker Health And Safety ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Back To Work

BACKGROUND: The primary response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has been to minimize social contact through lockdown measures. The closure of non-essential businesses to tackle the spread of the coronavirus has had negative consequences for the global economy, production, and employment. OBJECTIVE: To outline how known occupational health principles can be used for preventative management of the coronavirus in workplaces to support resumption of work. METHODS: A discussion of current knowledge of COVID-19, the cost of the lockdown strategy, and preventative biological cycle management. RESULTS: The evidence-based literature indicates that biological cycle management can control the risk of coronavirus infection, provide a suitable and sufficient exit strategy from lockdown, and support getting employees back to work. Adherence to personal protective equipment standards has been insufficient, indicating a need for workplace investment and education. CONCLUSION: Imposed restrictions on workplace operations can be lifted without compromising worker health and safety when a workplace commits to practicing the three principles of biological cycle management.

scholarly journals Recent Cost Increases: Their Future Impacts on Agriculture

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79
Author(s):  
Wayne A. Boutwell ◽  
Thomas W. Little
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Price Level ◽  
Capital Requirements ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Agricultural Commodities ◽  
Domestic Prices ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Input Prices

The impact of rapidly escalating input prices of farm income, agricultural production, production adjustments, the general price level, the cost of living and capital requirements in the agricultural sector is a source of increasing concern to farmers, suppliers of capital to agriculture, and consumers of agricultural products. Record prices for agricultural commodities, such as feed grains and soybeans, partially masked the effects of a 52 percent increase in the index of prices paid for production items on net farm income during the period 1971–74. As agricultural machinery and farm buildings are replaced, world stocks of agricultural commodities are replenished, and domestic prices begin to decline, the magnitude of these cost increases will become more apparent.

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