Neutrality—as of 1936 and 1937

1937 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillips Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Joint Resolution ◽  
As If

The neutrality legislation enacted at Washington in 1935 was admittedly a compromise, satisfying neither the President, who in his statement upon signing the joint resolution, again criticized its mandatory feature as potentially dangerous, nor many of those in and out of Congress who wanted some definition of our relation to war. As if to point the moral, the Italo-Ethiopian conflict flamed into what the President was pleased to call “a state of war,” and some of the very issues which the legislation was intended to meet became acute. More recently, civil war in Spain has tragically illuminated new issues in our position and policy.

Hobbes's Behemoth and the Argument for Absolutism

1982 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 837-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Kraynak
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Political Science ◽  
English Civil War ◽  
Civil Strife ◽  
Human Choice ◽  
Psychological Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

Hobbes's history of the English Civil War, The Behemoth, has been neglected by contemporary scholars, yet it provides the clearest statement of the problem that Hobbes's political science is designed to solve. In Behemoth, Hobbes shows that societies such as seventeenth century England inevitably degenerate into civil war because they are founded on authoritative opinion. The claim that there is a single, authoritative definition of Tightness or truth which is not an arbitrary human choice is an illusion of “intellectual vainglory,” a feeling of pride in the superiority of one's opinions which causes persecution and civil strife. By presenting Hobbes's historical and psychological analysis of this problem, I illuminate his argument for absolutism and show that Hobbes is not a precursor of totalitarianism but a founder of liberalism.

'Getting to' Canadian Theatre History: On the Tension Between the New History and the Nation State

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-80
Author(s):  
Stephen Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Upper Canada ◽  
Trade Journal ◽  
Theatre History ◽  
Canadian Theatre ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Theatrical Culture ◽  
American Trade

The methods of the 'new' history have helped to define the study of theatre history; at the same time, these methods tend to de-emphasize the influence of the politics of the nation state on that history. This can create tension in a discipline such as Canadian theatre history that defines itself by national as well as cultural criteria. This article illustrates the tension by comparing the definition of theatrical culture implicit in two examples of the Upper Canada (Wellington County) local press during the 1860s with that of an American trade journal for the same period. Reference is made to the Civil War, the Fenian raids, and Confederation.

Allegiance, Ability, and Achievement in the American Civil War: Commander Traits and Battlefield Military Effectiveness

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 194-206
Author(s):  
Jeffrey B Arnold ◽  
J Tyson Chatagnier ◽  
Gary E Hollibaugh
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
Military Effectiveness ◽  
Military Leaders ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Latent Features ◽  
Definition Of Success ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract How do the characteristics of military leaders relate to battlefield outcomes? To answer this question, we employ original battle-level data and biographical information on hundreds of commanders in more than 250 battles in the American Civil War. We examine the relationship between two common measures of battlefield success (victory and casualties) and two latent features of commanders—competence and loyalty—that have long been seen as important in the broader study of executive appointments. We find that competent commanders are associated with more successful battlefield outcomes, as are more loyal Confederate commanders. More broadly, our analysis suggests that focusing on the relationship between military appointments and battlefield outcomes—with the latter's relatively clear definition of “success”—allows for direct examination of the relationship between appointee traits and organizational performance. As such, our results have implications for the study of conflict as well as bureaucratic politics.

Terrorism, Civil War, and Insurgency

2019 ◽  
pp. 347-365
Author(s):  
Jessica A. Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Domestic Terrorism ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Causes Of Violence ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

Much of the terrorism occurring worldwide is domestic terrorism carried out by rebel groups fighting in civil wars. However, many are reluctant to categorize domestic insurgencies as terrorist groups or to identify the tactics used by domestic insurgencies as terrorist tactics. Through a survey of the literature addressing the relationship between terrorism and civil war, I contend that research on the dynamics of violence in civil war would benefit from a more standardized definition of the concept of terrorism as well as greater consensus on how the concept of terrorism ought to be used in relation to the concept of civilian targeting. The lack of conceptual clarity in distinguishing between terrorism and civilian targeting makes it difficult to compare research findings, and thus to make progress as a field in our understanding of the causes of violence and its consequences. Despite the challenges associated with making comparisons across studies, this chapter attempts to do precisely this, drawing on research on terrorism as well as research on civilian targeting to develop insights on the causes and consequences of terrorist violence employed in the context of civil war.

The Dilemmas of Freedom

1957 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 714-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans J. Morgenthau
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Abraham Lincoln ◽  
American People ◽  
Good Definition ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of

During the Civil War, which was a war for freedom in a truer sense than most of the wars which have been so called, Abraham Lincoln laid bare the essentials of the dilemma which has baffled the philosophic understanding of freedom and which has made it appear that there was always something left to be desired in its political realization. On April 18, 1864, Lincoln gave a brief and unpretentious address to the crowd assembled at the Sanitary Fair in Baltimore.“The world has never had a good definition of the word liberty,” he said,and the American people, just now, are much in want of one. We all declare for liberty; but in using the same word we do not all mean the same thing. With some the word liberty may mean for each man to do as he pleases with himself, and the product of his labor; while with others the same word may mean for some men to do as they please with other men, and the product of other men's labor. Here are two, not only different, but incompatable things, called by the same name—liberty. And it follows that each of the things is, by the respective parties, called by two different and incompatable names—liberty and tyranny.

scholarly journals Plantation Houses of North Florida

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Eduardo Robles
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Leon County ◽  
The North ◽  
Plantation Life ◽  
The Times ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
North And South

<p>The concept of Plantation conjures an image that identifies the North Florida / South Georgia region of the U. S. Leon County attracted many cotton planters from Georgia, Virginia, Maryland, North and South Carolina in the 1820’s to the 1850’s. Up to the beginning of the Civil War, Leon County was the 5th largest producer of cotton counting all counties from Florida and Georgia. The Civil War brought the plantation culture to a standstill.</p><p>The plantations transformed the environment based on their need for open fields in which to cultivate different crops, or raise a variety of animals with the help of slaves. From the 1900’s many plantations abandoned their land to nature producing a deep change in the local landscape. Today plantations are not used as much for planting crops but more for hunting or as tree farms. The hunting plantations do not grow crops but provide good conditions for the hunting of animals and birds. Other plantations were torn apart, sold and now are part of the Tallahassee urban fabric. In other words, they disappeared.</p><p>The transformation of the plantations has been slow and steady, and has become the image of the area, even the region. The paper shows five plantations that represent five different evolutions of these traditional landscapes. The landscapes have evolved to accommodate the very local but fluid definition of place. It is this transformation, this evolving identity which helped preserve some of the traditional landscapes and the traditional architecture on them.</p><p>The most prominent feature of the plantation is the “Big House” or plantation house. The house embodies all aspects of the plantation life style. The construction materials and methods reflected the times, the technologies and the available resources.</p><p>The research has been done mainly in the archives of the Tallahassee Trust for Historic Preservation. The results, still pending, explain the land typology as it evolved from the golden decades of the plantation culture to the present day land use.</p>

scholarly journals ENGLISH POSTER AS A MINITEXT IN A PERIOD OF THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR (1861-1865)

2019 ◽  
pp. 79-83
Author(s):  
Ю. В. Чорнобай
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Visual Channel ◽  
The World ◽  
Verbal Component ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Military

In spite of the fact that researchers pay much attention to the semantic side of minitext, still there is no established understanding of many of its semantic, lexical and pragmatic components. This article reveals the purpose of the military poster as a minitext, its communicative and pragmatic orientation, as well as possible definition of poster and typology for verbal and non-verbal components. Additionally, the findings indicate the characteristic features of poster: accuracy, shortness (maximum size of 2,000 characters and minimum, one sentence), completeness, visual and verbal components, specific punctuation and vocabulary. An important structural element of the poster is paralinguistic means (mainly, spatial placement of the verbal and visual components, and the font and style choosing). The verbal and non-verbal combination carries emotionality and effectiveness in the information transmitting, as well as motivates readers to react according to the poster`s content. The article suggests that poster as a type of a minitext is an effective visual channel of communication as it possesses a considerable number of paralinguistic expressive means. The article demonstrates that Posters of Amirican Civil War (1861–1865) can be divided into presidential elections, raising for war, recruiting soldier into the army, the enemy demonstration to the country and the world. Posters carry informative or humorous intention and are full of different linguostylistic and paralinguistic expressive means. Additionally, the article reveals the characteristic peculiarities of posters of South and North and gives some examples of verbal and non-verbal component domination in posters. It describes specific peculiarities of using of certain phrase combinations, colours, specific punctuation, capitalization, different style and font to increase the effect of the poster content on readers.

scholarly journals O “CERTIFICADO DO PROCESSO DE KIMBERLEY": PROPOSTA PARA SUBSIDIAR SUA IMPLEMENTAÇÃO EM BASES CIENTIFICAS.

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Luiz de Sá C. Chaves ◽  
Leila Benitez
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
International Market ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
African Countries ◽  
General Acceptance ◽  
Definition Of

Na última década, ganhou força a nível internacional manifestação destinada a reconhecer a origemdos diamantes no comércio varejista, de modo com que se evitasse a compra de pedras produzidas depaíses africanos em estado de guerra civil. Essa campanha levou à implementação do “Certificado doProcesso de Kimberley”, emitido por países produtores de diamantes, incluindo-se o Brasil. Entretanto,junto com a aceitação geral de tal certificado, diversos estudos têm procurado definir parâmetros deconferência de que os mesmos seriam eficazes. No decorrer desses acontecimentos, diversos doscertificados brasileiros foram colocados em dúvida, com a possibilidade de inclusão de diamantesprovenientes de outros países nos lotes, permitindo assim, em princípio, a inclusão de pedras de paísesbeligerantes. Os estudos realizados sobre lotes de diamantes das principais áreas produtoras de MinasGerais, têm demonstrado que é plenamente possível identificar a proveniência de lotes representativosde diferentes áreas, através da definição de parâmetros básicos que, integrados e tratados estatisticamente,podem fornecer uma assinatura típica para cada uma delas.Palavras-chave: diamante, mercado internacional, Certificado Kimberley. ABSTRACT:In the last decade, the international market happened a great worldwide manifestation which objectiveto recognize the origin of the diamonds in the retail trade, with the purpose to restrict the acquisitionof stones from African countries in civil war state. This campaign led the implementation of the“Certificate of the Process of Kimberley”, emitted for producing diamond countries, including Brazil.However, together with the general acceptance of such certificate, several studies have looked fordefining conference parameters of that the same ones would be efficient. In elapsing of these events,some of the brazilian certificates it had been placed in doubt, with the possibility of inclusion ofdiamonds proceeding from other countries in these lots, thus allowing, in principle, the inclusion ofstones from belligerent countries. The studies carried through on lots of diamonds of the mainproducing areas of Minas Gerais, have demonstrated that it is fully possible to identify the provenance of representative lots of different areas. In this way, through the definition of basic parametersintegrated and treated by statistic manner, can supply a typical signature to each one of thesedeposits.Keywords: diamond, international market, Kimberley Certificate.

scholarly journals Mission (im)possible? UN military peacekeeping operations in civil wars

2021 ◽  
pp. 135406612110466
Author(s):  
Darya Pushkina ◽  
Markus B. Siewert ◽  
Stefan Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Definition Of Success ◽  
Definition Of

Under what conditions can UN military peacekeeping operations (PKOs) succeed in contexts of civil war? This is an important question given the prevalence and cost of civil wars and the high, yet not always fulfilled, expectations of very costly military PKOs as responses to them by the international community. Yet, the academic and policy debates on this question are as long-standing as they are unresolved. Our article contributes to existing scholarship in several ways. First, adopting a nuanced and multi-dimensional definition of success that considers violence, displacement, and contagion as its 3 essential components, we identified 19 cases of full or partial successes, and 13 full or partial failures, covering all 32 UN military PKOs deployed to civil war settings. Second, we develop an original dataset and analytical framework that identifies a wide range of plausible factors related to the dynamics of both the intervention and the underlying conflict it is meant to address. Third, applying qualitative comparative analysis to our dataset of these 32 military PKOs, our key finding is that what matters most and consistently across all of these missions is the presence or absence of domestic consent to, and cooperation with, deployed PKOs.

scholarly journals Penelusuran Sumber Definisi Syāẓ Al-Syāfi’ī: Sebuah Kajian Bibliografis

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-215
Author(s):  
Reza Pahlevi Dalimunthe ◽  
Dedi Masri
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
As If

One of the rules of the validity of the Prophet's traditions is to avoid shāẓ. The definition of shāẓ according to al-Shafi'ī (150-204 H) is a single narrator whose history of hadith contradicts with many other narrators. The majority of hadith scholars such as Ibn al-Ṣalāh (577-643 H), chose the definition over the others. This article focuses on searching the bibliographic source for the definition of shāẓ al-Shāfi’ī with an intertext approach. The object is the works of al-Shafi'ī in the field of hadith and a variety of hadith science literature which includes the definition of shāẓ. This study shows that hadith experts generally agree with the definition of shāẓ al-Shafi'ī because it is easier to apply than other definitions. However, they did not clearly mention the title of al-Shafi'i's essay which he referred to, causing misunderstanding as if the source of the definition of shāẓ was Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ, not al-Shafi'ī. One of these misconceptions stems from the unclear reference of Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ himself. This study shows that the bibliographic results of al-Shafi'i's works and transmission lines of definitions are found that the definition of al-Shafi is not found in al-Risalah, but is sourced from al-Manafib al-Shafi al-Baihaqī

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