The Future of the Consular Office

1926 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-298
Author(s):  
Pitman B. Potter
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Best Friend ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
The Way

The consulate is an old and a dignified office. Through various vicissitudes the consul has come down to us from the days when, with the dawn of new courage and enterprise, the closing of the Middle Ages saw the revival of international trade and travel in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Hence the future of that office must be of considerable interest from an historical point of view, to say nothing of the interest which all of us who expect to do any foreign traveling ought to feel in the fate of the traveler's best friend. All of this is doubly true in view of the fact that serious changes in the consulate are in point of fact impending, or even taking place before we have had time to notice them.Almost everyone who has even a slight acquaintance with the history of international relations is aware of the way in which the consular office has already lost much of its old standing through the abolition of privileges of extraterritoriality in modern states. Originally, the consul was a judge in many cases between citizens of the state which he represented who were permanently, or even only temporarily, residing abroad. Today in all Western states he has come to exercise judicial powers only with respect to seamen on vessels flying the flag of his appointing state. The result has been a great diminution of his powers and prestige, a change so pronounced and of such long standing that few nowadays appreciate the great dignity and influence of the consular office in its earlier history.

scholarly journals International Relations of Medieval Europe in Works of D. I. Kachenovskiy (1827–1872)

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Feudal Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article dwells on reaearch and academic activity of D. I. Kachenovskiy at Kharkiv University. His contribution is shown to the study of international relations history at Middle Ages. It is emphasized that we are quite right to call D. I. Kachenovskiy one of most prominent Ukrainian experts in this field, despite his certain idealization of feudal society. Main teaching subjects of D. I. Kachenovskiy were international law and state law of European powers. The basic research work by D. I. Kachenovskiy became his doctoral thesis «On Privateers and Prize Proceedings Relative to Neutral Merchandise» (1855) which became widely known both in Russian Empire and Europe. D. I. Kachenovskiy admitted the appropriateness of privateering, characterized its essence and shared the opinion of well-known French scholar J.-M. Pardessus that charter by Aragon king Alfonso III of 1288 had been the first legislative act relating to privateering. The first period in European privateering history when “naval war was almost indistinguishable from piracy” lasted, by the scholar’s opinion, up to the end of XVI century. His «Course in International Law» was published in 1863, though unfinished, and embraced the antiquity as well as Middle Ages. The concept of international law development in the Middle Ages as proposed by D. I. Kachenovskiy included several basic elements. Those are: admission of the tremendous contribution of Christian Church, Roman Popes and German Emperors in elaboration of this law, influence of public order and national character of German tribes, as well as statement of general détente of mores and international tension in the Middle Ages under the effect of above-cited factors. The scholar emphasized positive influence of knighthood on customs of war and international relations. Medieval international law, history of privateering and trade, social-political and cultural life of Florence and effect of internal factors on its development were the main lines in research of the scientist. Works by D. I. Kachenovskiy exerted the substantial impact not only on students, but on his colleagues as well, and his scientific treatments mostly sustained time exam.

scholarly journals Russia. Muslim Christian dialogue. Stages of development

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 208-214
Author(s):  
R. A. Silantiev ◽  
A. R. Krganov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
The Future ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

Russia has always been a country with large Islamic population. From the Middle Ages the dialogue between Christians and Muslims has always been an integral part of the Russian culture. The article highlights the stages of the Christian-Muslim dialogue in Russia. From the point of view of its authors, this dialogue became fully developed by the middle of 19th century. In its subsequent development it has already passed the three main stages, which are labelled as the “tsarist”, the “Soviet” and the “early post-Soviet”. According to the authors the present situation can be described as the “late post-Soviet” stage. The article comprises a description and definition of this stage as well as a prognosis of its development in the future.

scholarly journals Studying the History of the Slavic Stishnoy Prologue: New Opportunities and Prospects

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Shcheglova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Critical Edition ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Textual Criticism ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Important Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

In this review, the author analyses the Tarnovo Edition of the Stishnoy Prologue. Texts: Lexical Index (published by Bulgarian researchers Georgi Petkov and Maria Spasova) and focuses on the structure of the publication, providing a detailed description of the parts of each volume: prologue texts, prologue poems, the lexical index, and the index of saints’ names. The review evaluates the work from the point of view of its academic contribution. The reviewer largely agrees with the authors’ point of view on the history and the study of the Stishnoy Prologue set forth in the preface to the publication. While objecting to some points, the reviewer evaluates the work highly, considering it an important stage in the process of studying the history of the Stishnoy Prologue, one of the most widespread hagiographic calendar collections of the Middle Ages. The publication of the texts of the Stishnoy Prologue, even those in just the Tarnovo edition, can be a powerful catalyst for further textual criticism and linguistic studies of the numerous Russian, Serbian, and Bulgarian copies that have survived to the present day. Ultimately, the reviewed publication can become the basis for a full-scale critical edition of the Stishnoy Prologue. The review emphasises the timeless significance of this publication for Slavic studies, its innovative character, its structural integrity, its theoretical sophistication, and the enormous practical importance of the work for Bulgarian philologists.

scholarly journals El nomen sacrum ihs como símbolo de la crucifixión en el Sermón de la Circuncisión del Señor de san Vicente Ferrer

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
María Luz Mandingorra Llavata
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Jesus Christ ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
The Public ◽  
Life Problems ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
The Way

Resum: El nomen sacrum ihs se hallaba presente en infinidad de manifestaciones artísticas y objetos de la vida cotidiana durante la Edad Media, por lo que era bien conocido por los fieles. El objetivo del presente artículo es mostrar de qué modo san Vicente Ferrer se sirve de esta abreviatura como símbolo de la crucifixión de Jesucristo con el fin de fomentar la devoción al nombre Iesus y erradicar el recurso a adivinos y sortílegos. Para ello, analizaremos el sermón de la Circuncisión del Señor predicado por el maestro dominico y estableceremos la conexión de los elementos integrantes del texto con representaciones coetáneas de la crucifixión.Paraules clau: san Vicente Ferrer, predicación, Nomina Sacra, crucifixión, historia de la cultura escrita Abstract: The nomen sacrum ihs was present in many paintings as well as other artifacts during the Middle Ages, therefore, it was very well known by the public. The aim of this paper is to show the way Saint Vincent Ferrer uses this abbreviation as a symbol of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ in order to increase the devotion to the Name of Jesus and prevent people from consulting diviners and sorcerers to solve daily life problems. To this end, we analyse the Sermon of the Circumcision of the Lord preached by the Dominican master and establish the relationship between the elements that compose the text and some contemporary images of the Crucifixion.Keywords: Saint Vincent Ferrer, preaching, Nomina Sacra, crucifixion, history of literacy

scholarly journals NĚMECKÁ PŘÍJMENÍ V PŘÍHRANIČNÍ OBLASTI JIŽNÍCH ČECH A JEJICH SÉMANTICKO-MOTIVAČNÍ TYPY

ACC Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 30-39
Author(s):  
Alena Jaklová
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
German Population ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

This article analyses German surnames from the point of view of their motivation and classification into respective semantic-motivational types. The analysis is based on a corpus of data compiled at the beginning of the 21st century from the archive records containing surnames of inhabitants of the towns of Prachatice, Volary, Vimperk and Kašperské Hory. All of these towns are situated close to the German border and, until the mid-1940s, had predominantly been inhabited by German population. The final section of the article identifies the most frequent semantic-motivational types of German surnames currently used by Czechs in the area explored. The article also explains the etymology and motivation of these surnames in relation to the history of the region and to ethnic groups inhabiting the area since the Middle Ages.

The Causes of the Great War

1915 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Raymond Turner
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Great War ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The People ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Strength ◽  
The Great War ◽  
The Middle Ages

In 1806 Prussia engaged in war with Napoleon. The swiftest of his triumphs followed. In two months the Prussians had surrendered their fortresses, and seen annihilated the greatness which Europe had failed to crush in the time of Frederick the Great. A period of humiliation followed, and for some years the people lived under the conqueror's yoke.Deliverance came when Napoleon, stretching too far his power, and arousing the spirit of peoples, was defeated by Europe in arms. The liberation which alone Prussia could not have accomplished, was yet wrought partly by herself, for deliverance was preceded by regeneration in which her military system was fundamentally reformed. But it may be that what remained after all as the principal heritage from these years was the abiding sense that Prussia had suffered from being weak, and that only through military strength could there be safety in the future.The expansion and greatness of Prussia left unfulfilled the old idea of a united Germany. Through the middle ages and down to this time Germany had remained disunited, and weak and despised because of it. The smallest states had now disappeared, but still there were larger ones, grouped under Austria in vague and shadowy empire. And the history of Germany in the half century which followed the downfall of Napoleon is a record of yearning and striving on the part of people filled with distant memories, and noble aspiration after that strength and union which had come to their neighbors and yet been denied to themselves.

The State in the Middle Ages. A Comparative Constitutional History of Feudal Europe

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Gianfranco Poggi ◽  
H. Mitteis ◽  
H. F. Orton
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The State ◽  
Constitutional History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

The Middle Ages in the Modern World

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Music Videos ◽  
Modern World ◽  
National History ◽  
Medieval Poetry ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
The Way

The Middle Ages continue to provide an important touchstone for the way the modern West presents itself and its relationship with the rest of the globe. This volume brings together leading scholars of literature and history, together with musicians, novelists, librarians and museum curators in order to present exciting, up-to-date perspectives on how and why the Middle Ages continue to matter in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Presented here, their essays represent a unique dialogue between scholars and practitioners of ‘medievalism’. Framed by an introductory essay on the broad history of the continuing evolution of the idea of ‘The Middle Ages’ from the fourteenth century to the present day, chapters deal with subjects as diverse as: the use of Old Norse sagas by Republican deniers of climate change; the way figures like the Irish hero Cú Chulainn and St Patrick were used to give legitimacy to political affiliations during the Ulster ‘Troubles’; the use of the Middle Ages in films by Pasolini and Tarantino; the adoption of the ‘Green Man’ motif in popular culture; Lady Gaga’s manipulation of medieval iconography in her music videos; the translation of medieval poetry from manuscript to digital media; and the problem of writing national history free from the ‘toxic medievalism’ of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Nicolas of Clairvaux and the Twelfth-Century Sequence with Special Reference to Adam of St. Victor

Traditio ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 149-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Benton
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Close Connection ◽  
Modern Drama ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
The Way

The vast number and variety of sequences, those liturgical interpolations which in the middle ages commonly followed the repetition of the Alleluia in the Mass, and the freedom of their development, show that they were an outlet for the creative talents of musicians and poets. A sample of sequences from successive periods allows the literary historian to trace the development of rhyme and accentual meter, and a musicologist has described the sequence ‘as the parent of oratorio and the grandparent of modern drama.’ But while a view which encompasses centuries reveals to us variety and change, the compositions of any given time were largely shaped by inherited traditions. Not the least value of studies on the early history of the sequence is their demonstration of the close connection between various Alleluia melodies and their sequences and the way in which appropriate texts were fitted to melodies for specific feasts.

scholarly journals Why Was the New Testament Translated into Hebrew?

Open Theology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eran Shuali
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
New Testament ◽  
The State ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Short Overview ◽  
Hebrew Language ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
The Middle Ages

AbstractAfter offering a short overview of the history of Hebrew translations of the New Testament from the Middle Ages to our time, this article focuses on the purposes of the different translations as reflected in what has been written and said about them by the translators themselves and by other people involved in their dissemination. Five such purposes are identified: 1. Jewish polemics against Christianity in the Middle Ages. 2. Christian study of the Hebrew language. 3. The quest for the Hebrew “original” of the New Testament. 4. The mission to the Jews. 5. The needs of the Christian communities in the State of Israel. Concluding remarks are then made regarding the way in which Hebrew translations of the New Testament were perceived throughout the ages and regarding the role they played.

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