Spain and the War

1917 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles H. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Agricultural Resources ◽  
Artificial Stimulus ◽  
The Cost ◽  
At Home

Like other neutral nations of Europe, Spain has been tremendously affected by the war. Though she has not been brought into such close contact with the great struggle as have Holland and the Scandinavian countries, because of her distance from the battlefields and the comparative insignificance of her commercial interests, she has nevertheless felt and is still feeling a great strain, the chief characteristics of which are economic. The cost of living in Spain has increased several fold. This is due in part to the difficulty in obtaining both manfactured articles and coal for her own industries and in part to the great scarcity of agricultural products: the result of the short-sighted policy followed up to the present of exporting food products which should have been retained at home. Though possessed of a greater arable area in proportion to her population than any other country in Europe except Russia, the methods of agricultural production in Spain are wofully deficient. As a result of her own backwardness and her failure to develop either her industrial or her agricultural resources, Spain is now suffering, to a lesser degree possibly, the same inconveniences which are disturbing Germany, France and England: namely, a scarcity of food; and she does not possess the artificial stimulus which those countries have to aid in overcoming it.

scholarly journals Pendampingan Ekonomi Pesantren Melalui Sentralisasi Transaksi Cost makan Santri di Pondok Pesantren Nurul Jadid Paiton

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Ainol Yaqin ◽  
Maknunatun Navisah Arifin ◽  
Zaimatul Umami ◽  
Siti Ruqoyyah ◽  
Dwi Anggraini Novitasari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Staple Food ◽  
Processed Food ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Food Management ◽  
The Cost

In one of the efforts to increase the economic progress of the pesantren and also to eat for the students, especially at the Nurul Jadid Boarding School, Probolinggo, it is very necessary to have a centralized program for paying the cost of paying for the cost of the students’ meals so that each student’s meal is regelated and even becomas a way of saving the cost of living for the students. For decades, the Nurul Jadid Islamic Boarding School has not been able and succeeded ini centralizing the cost of food for students and processed food products for students at one door. The centralization of the santri staple food business is believed by the pesantren. The fear of pesantren in managing this business is quite an obstacle, but by providing location, technology and human resources, pessntren is expected to be able to maintain and preserve Costmara’s business. Our service uses a Consultation approach, where wa several individuals at the same time assist, guide and direct policy makers, employees and servants at Nurul Jadid Cost of Eating student to make this businenss lively and comfartable, especially able to nourish the economy of the Pesantren and serve the needs of the santri so that the pesantren achieves the peak of independence and economic sovereignty. Centralization of the cost of meals for studentswas initiated by Pesantren bereau and ini teh end it was acquired by the business bereua, Centralized peyments at the santri supplies simpab office and food management in public kitchens with a sufficient number of employess, centralization of santri food and payments were able to mave the pesantren economy for more beneficial interests including religious agends, education, health, equipment and others within the Nuru Jadid Islamci Boarding School. Economics is the foundation of every pesantren agenda. So Cost Mara contributes a lot the economic pace of Islamic Boarding Schools. Santru obtain sufficient benefits, including low prices, healthy composition and savings for santri and the ecomic flow santri guardiens.

scholarly journals Economic mechanisms of agricultural production growth

2021 ◽  
pp. 114-120
Author(s):  
S. S. Tleuberdiyeva ◽  
A. B. Moldasheva ◽  
A. K. Alpysbayeva ◽  
L. V. Oleinik
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Production Growth ◽  
Economic Mechanisms ◽  
Favorable Conditions

The purpose of the article is to study the economic mechanisms of agricultural production growth within one country and, in particular, Kazakhstan. The growth of agricultural products in Kazakhstan and the provision of the country with food products are complex and relevant issues, which include the problems of production, the situation in the national agricultural markets, solvency and competitiveness, the annual volume of agricultural products, the increase in annual revenue, ensuring the availability of food products to consumers, laws in the regulation of the agricultural industry, etc. The potential of agriculture is correlated with the level of food security of the country. State regulation of the agro-industrial complex is aimed at ensuring food security, stability of agricultural products entering the market, creating favorable conditions for entrepreneurs, increasing the competitiveness of domestic products, as well as improving the standard of living of the population of the regions by creating favorable conditions for the development of crop production, animal husbandry, fisheries, processing of agricultural products and the food industry, veterinary-sanitary and phytosanitary security, it is aimed at providing technical equipment and other auxiliary areas of activity, social and infrastructure development on regional territory. The authors of the article emphasize that agriculture will become an important part of the agro-industrial complex. Agriculture is an industry aimed at providing the population with food and is a raw material necessary for the economic sphere. It occupies an important place not only in the agro-industrial complex, but also in the national economy of the whole country. Agriculture is the most important part of the material production industry. Agriculture provides the country with food and industry with some raw materials.

scholarly journals FARMERS' PERCEPTION REGARDING CLIMATE CHANGE IN SOUTHERN TURKEY: THE CASE OF MERSIN PROVINCE

New Medit ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Cost

Climate change is responsible for the negative effects in human life causing a decrease in agricultural products, biodiversity, soil fertility, and forest areas. In contrast, climate change increases plant diseases and pests, the cost of agricultural production and risk in food security. This study aims to determine whether climate change is a phenomenon via the analysis of the perceptions of the farmers in the Mersin province conducted over 251 questionnaires. Farmers primarily perceive climate change over production costs and the reduction in yield. Moreover, they are highly aware of its relation to natural events such as floods, drought, and storms. Nevertheless, inappropriate agricultural practices also lead to the negative consequences caused by climate change. In this respect, this study revealed that farmers with high cooperative partnerships and experience perceived climate change significantly.

scholarly journals AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COSTS, PRODUCT COST AND WAYS TO REDUCE IT IN UZBEKISTAN

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
Bafoyev Otabek
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Rational Allocation ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
Organization Of Production ◽  
The Cost

The cost of production is one of the most important indicators of the economic efficiency of agricultural production. It shows how much the production of agricultural products to a particular enterprise costs. The cost price reflects the qualitative aspect of the economic activities of enterprises: the efficiency of using production resources, the state of technology and organization of production, the introduction of science and advanced experience, the level of economic management. The cost of production is necessary to justify the rational allocation and specialization of agricultural production, to determine its economic efficiency, to establish the level of prices for agricultural products. The purpose of this article is to show ways to reduce the cost of agricultural products, which is one of the most important issues in Uzbekistan. This article discusses ways to reduce the cost of production in agriculture and suggests ways to reduce costs in order to improve efficiency in the production of agricultural products.

Production of agricultural food products as a branch of specialization of the Republic of Bashkortostan

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
E. A. Tsyrkaeva ◽  
G. G. Aralbayeva
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Agricultural Food

The article deals with the specialization of the regions of the Volga Federal district on the basis of statistical data presented for the period 1991-2017. The Research was carried out on the basis of the localization coefficient, the index of the level of specialization, the coefficient of per capita production; the place of the Republic of Bashkortostan on the basis of the rating of regions for agricultural production was revealed. The forecast of indicators of specialization of the Republic of Bashkortostan, which allowed to determine the position of the region in the coming years for the production of agricultural products.

scholarly journals The comparison of the cost-rate and profitability of the agricultural products in the SR and CR

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
M. Kubanková ◽  
V. Burianová
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Agricultural Economics ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Cost Rate ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The Cost

The article deals with the comparison and evaluation of the development of economic indicators, such as the costs, yields, economic result and profitability in the Czech and Slovak Republics for the period of years 1997–2000. The economic indicators are evaluated and compared on the basis of sample survey results of the RIAFE Bratislava and RIAE (Research Institute of Agricultural Economics) Prague. The first part contains the evaluation and comparison of the costs, yields and the economic results for agricultural production and its branches recalculated per 1 ha of agricultural land (a. l.). The second part contains the evaluation and comparison of the production intensity indicators (per hectare yields, utility), costs per 1 ha, 100 feeding days and per unit, and agricultural production realization prices. Based on these indicators, cost profitability of the selected plant and animal products is quantified.

Transformation of China's Agricultural Trade in Response to Emerging Tensions on the Global Market

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Vasilii Erokhin
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Nutrient Value ◽  
The Usa

China has worked to ensure future food self-sufficiency, but still depends on the imports of many kinds of agricultural products. Imports grow as domestic demand is restructured in favor of qualitative food products of high nutrient value amid the progressive degradation of agricultural lands, and shrinking possibilities for agricultural production. Currently, the majority of such value-added food products is imported from the USA. By raising import tariffs in response to the recent US protectionist policies, China may face a situation of food insecurity. This chapter reviews the recent tendencies in China's foreign trade in food and agricultural products, analyses food security status of China on major kinds of agricultural commodities, discusses current US-China trade relations and reorientation of China's foreign trade in food and agricultural products, and provides possible solutions to the improvement of food security by means of intensification of domestic agricultural production and diversification of imports.

scholarly journals Regionalizacja rolnictwa na świecie

2017 ◽  
Vol 17(32) (3) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Rokicki ◽  
Magdalena Golonko ◽  
Aleksandra Perkowska
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
The World ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Very High

The aim of the study was to assess the regionalization of agricultural production around the world and the changes that have occurred in this respect. The article presents the value of agricultural production in regions of the world defined by the continents. The source of the material was data from FAOSTAT. The period of research covered the years 2007-2014. The value of world agricultural production has steadily increased. Only at the time of the economic crisis in 2009 and in 2014 were declines seen in all areas other than Asia. There was a high concentration of agricultural production in Asia and Europe. There was a gradual relocation of production from Europe and North America to Asia and South America. These regularities have been confirmed also in the analysis of individual groups of agricultural products like cereals and animal products. At the same time, there was a very high concentration and a high degree of variation in agricultural production in the regions. Disproportions increased faster in food products than non-food products produced in agriculture.

PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF A MECHANISM FOR STATE REGULATION OF SOCIAL GUARANTEES IN THE REGION

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaly Lobas ◽  
◽  
Elena Petryaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Well Being ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Periodic Review ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
State Management ◽  
The Cost

The article deals with modern mechanisms for managing social protection of the population by the state and the private sector. From the point of view of forms of state regulation of the sphere of social protection, system indicators usually include the state and dynamics of growth in the standard of living of the population, material goods, services and social guarantees for the poorly provided segments of the population. The main indicator among the above is the state of the consumer market, as one of the main factors in the development of the state. Priority areas of public administration with the use of various forms of social security have been identified. It should be emphasized that, despite the legislative conflicts that exist today in Ukraine, mandatory indexation of the cost of living is established, which is associated with inflation. Various scientists note that although the definition of the cost of living index has a well-established methodology, there are quite a lot of regional features in the structure of consumption. All this is due to restrictions that are included in the consumer basket of goods and different levels of socio-economic development of regions. The analysis of the establishment and periodic review of the minimum consumer budgets of the subsistence minimum and wages of the working population and the need to form state insurance funds for unforeseen circumstances is carried out. Considering in this context the levers of state management of social guarantees of the population, we drew attention to the crisis periods that are associated with the market transformation of the regional economy. In these conditions, there is a need to develop and implement new mechanisms and clusters in the system of socio-economic relations. The components of the mechanisms ofstate regulation ofsocial guarantees of the population are proposed. The deepening of market relations in the process of reforming the system of social protection of the population should be aimed at social well-being.

The impact of exchange rate on price and export of agricultural production

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
Rasulov Tulkin Sattarovich ◽  
Khushvaktov Kuvonchbek Ravshanovich
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Agricultural Economics ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Price Formation ◽  
International Trade Laws ◽  
The Impact

In today’s world of swiftly increasing global economy and continuously changing international trade laws and technology exchange rate plays a pivotal role in the production, price formation, export and import of agricultural products. For many years exchange rate as an integral part of agricultural economics has been ignored. The present study was intended to investigate exchange rate as an impacting factor on the agricultural production. It also considers the researches that have been carried about the impact of the exchange rate on prices and export of agricultural products, theirs analyses and how much impact it has in the situation of Uzbekistan.

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