scholarly journals Energy Budgets in Free-Living Green Iguanas in a Seasonal Environment

Ecology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 1157-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter D. Van Marken Lichtenbelt ◽  
Renate A. Wesselingh ◽  
Jacob T. Vogel ◽  
Koen B. M. Albers
Keyword(s):  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Seasonal Environment ◽  
Green Iguanas

Seasonal Time-Energy Budgets of Free-Living Chukars in the Negev Desert

The Condor ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurit Carmi-Winkler ◽  
A. Allan Degen ◽  
Berry Pinshow
Keyword(s):  
Negev Desert ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Free Living

scholarly journals Nocturnal torpor by superb fairy-wrens: a key mechanism for reducing winter daily energy expenditure

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 20190211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex B. Romano ◽  
Anthony Hunt ◽  
Justin A. Welbergen ◽  
Christopher Turbill
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Specific Rate ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Malurus Cyaneus

Many passerine birds are small and require a high mass-specific rate of resting energy expenditure, especially in the cold. The energetics of thermoregulation is, therefore, an important aspect of their ecology, yet few studies have quantified thermoregulatory patterns in wild passerines. We used miniature telemetry to record the skin temperature ( T skin ) of free-living superb fairy-wrens ( Malurus cyaneus , 8.6 g; n = 6 birds over N = 7–22 days) and determine the importance of controlled reductions in body temperature during resting to their winter energy budgets. Fairy-wrens routinely exhibited large daily fluctuations in T skin between maxima of 41.9 ± 0.6°C and minima of 30.4 ± 0.7°C, with overall individual minima of 27.4 ± 1.1°C (maximum daily range: 14.7 ± 0.9°C). These results provide strong evidence of nocturnal torpor in this small passerine, which we calculated to provide a 42% reduction in resting metabolic rate at a T a of 5°C compared to active-phase T skin . A capacity for energy-saving torpor has important consequences for understanding the behaviour and life-history ecology of superb fairy-wrens. Moreover, our novel field data suggest that torpor could be more widespread and important than previously thought within passerines, the most diverse order of birds.

scholarly journals Energy Expenditure during Free Flight in Trained and Free-Living Eurasian Kestrels (Falco Tinnunculus)

The Auk ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirkjan Masman ◽  
Marcel Klaassen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Falco Tinnunculus ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Avian Flight ◽  
Flight Costs ◽  
Directional Flight

Abstract During directional flight trained Eurasian Kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) in the laboratory expended 13.8 W. Free-living birds expended 14.6 W during nonsoaring flight that included both directional flight and wind hovering. The former value was obtained by combining food balance and indirect calorimetry techniques, the latter by doubly labeled water (Dz18O). Because the energy-expenditure rates are so similar for directional flight alone and for wind hovering and directional flight combined, we argue that the value for either mode of kestrel flight may be used to analyze time-energy budgets. We predicted avian flight costs (et) from an equation based on published data on flight costs in 14 species (body mass 3.8-1,000 g): where M is body mass (g), bw is wing span (cm), and Sw is wing area (cm2). Inclusion of the morphological data with body mass significantly improved the prediction of flight cost [r2 = 0.84 vs. r2 = 0.75 without bw and sw, Fc (2,18) = 5.34, P < 0.05]. Received 8 May 1986, accepted 29 November 1986.

scholarly journals Metabolic costs of growth in free‐living Garter Snakes and the energy budgets of ectotherms

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 500-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Peterson ◽  
B. M. Walton ◽  
A. F. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Garter Snakes ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Metabolic Costs

scholarly journals Determinants of heart rate in Svalbard reindeer reveal mechanisms of seasonal energy management

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1831) ◽  
pp. 20200215 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Monica Trondrud ◽  
Gabriel Pigeon ◽  
Steve Albon ◽  
Walter Arnold ◽  
Alina L. Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Individual State ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Svalbard Reindeer ◽  
Seasonal Environment ◽  
Seasonal Plasticity ◽  
Important Pathway ◽  
The Relationship

Seasonal energetic challenges may constrain an animal's ability to respond to changing individual and environmental conditions. Here, we investigated variation in heart rate, a well-established proxy for metabolic rate, in Svalbard reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus ), a species with strong seasonal changes in foraging and metabolic activity. In 19 adult females, we recorded heart rate, subcutaneous temperature and activity using biologgers. Mean heart rate more than doubled from winter to summer. Typical drivers of energy expenditure, such as reproduction and activity, explained a relatively limited amount of variation (2–6% in winter and 16–24% in summer) compared to seasonality, which explained 75% of annual variation in heart rate. The relationship between heart rate and subcutaneous temperature depended on individual state via body mass, age and reproductive status, and the results suggested that peripheral heterothermy is an important pathway of energy management in both winter and summer. While the seasonal plasticity in energetics makes Svalbard reindeer well-adapted to their highly seasonal environment, intraseasonal constraints on modulation of their heart rate may limit their ability to respond to severe environmental change. This study emphasizes the importance of encompassing individual state and seasonal context when studying energetics in free-living animals. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Measuring physiology in free-living animals (Part II)’.

Tri-axial accelerometers tease apart discrete behaviours in the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 1389-1392 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.N. Lyons ◽  
E.C. Pope ◽  
B. Kostka ◽  
R.P. Wilson ◽  
Z. Dobrajc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Sepia Officinalis ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Depth Profiles ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Acceleration Data ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Overall Dynamic Body Acceleration ◽  
The Common ◽  
Active Swimming

Acceleration data loggers can be used to construct time–energy budgets or identify specific behaviours in free living animals. Within a marine context such devices have been largely deployed on vertebrates with comparatively little attention paid to commercially important invertebrates such as cephalopod molluscs. Here we tested the utility of tri-axial accelerometers to tease apart six discrete behaviours in the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. By considering depth profiles in conjunction with body pitch and roll and overall dynamic body acceleration we were able to make distinctions between resting at the seabed, active swimming, mating, post-coital panting and active manoeuvring along the seabed.

Ultrastructure of neuromuscular relationships in the canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis)

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 278-279
Author(s):  
W. L. Steffens ◽  
Nancy B. Roberts ◽  
J. M. Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Structural Description ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Canine Heartworm ◽  
The World ◽  
Synaptic Region ◽  
Muscle Innervation ◽  
Insight Into

The canine heartworm is a common and serious nematode parasite of domestic dogs in many parts of the world. Although nematode neuroanatomy is fairly well documented, the emphasis has been on sensory anatomy and primarily in free-living soil species and ascarids. Lee and Miller reported on the muscular anatomy in the heartworm, but provided little insight into the peripheral nervous system or myoneural relationships. The classical fine-structural description of nematode muscle innervation is Rosenbluth's earlier work in Ascaris. Since the pharmacological effects of some nematacides currently being developed are neuromuscular in nature, a better understanding of heartworm myoneural anatomy, particularly in reference to the synaptic region is warranted.

Lead and lead toxicity in domestic and free living birds

2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. De Francisco ◽  
N. De Francisco ◽  
N. De Francisco
Keyword(s):  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Free Living

Platelet Aggregation in Finnish Men and Its Relation to Fatty Acids in Platelets, Plasma and Adipose Tissue

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (03) ◽  
pp. 563-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
M K Salo ◽  
E Vartiainen ◽  
P Puska ◽  
T Nikkari
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Ω3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Induced Aggregation

SummaryPlatelet aggregation and its relation to fatty acid composition of platelets, plasma and adipose tissue was determined in 196 randomly selected, free-living, 40-49-year-old men in two regions of Finland (east and southwest) with a nearly twofold difference in the IHD rate.There were no significant east-southwest differences in platelet aggregation induced with ADP, thrombin or epinephrine. ADP-induced platelet secondary aggregation showed significant negative associations with all C20-C22 ω3-fatty acids in platelets (r = -0.26 - -0.40) and with the platelet 20: 5ω3/20: 4ω 6 and ω3/ ω6 ratios, but significant positive correlations with the contents of 18:2 in adipose tissue (r = 0.20) and plasma triglycerides (TG) (r = 0.29). Epinephrine-induced aggregation correlated negatively with 20: 5ω 3 in plasma cholesteryl esters (CE) (r = -0.23) and TG (r = -0.29), and positively with the total percentage of saturated fatty acids in platelets (r = 0.33), but had no significant correlations with any of the ω6-fatty acids. Thrombin-induced aggregation correlated negatively with the ω3/6ω ratio in adipose tissue (r = -0.25) and the 20: 3ω6/20: 4ω 6 ratio in plasma CE (r = -0.27) and free fatty acids (FFA) (r = -0.23), and positively with adipose tissue 18:2 (r = 0.23) and 20:4ω6 (r = 0.22) in plasma phospholipids (PL).The percentages of prostanoid precursors in platelet lipids, i. e. 20: 3ω 6, 20: 4ω 6 and 20 :5ω 3, correlated best with the same fatty acids in plasma CE (r = 0.32 - 0.77) and PL (r = 0.28 - 0.74). Platelet 20: 5ω 3 had highly significant negative correlations with the percentage of 18:2 in adipose tissue and all plasma lipid fractions (r = -0.35 - -0.44).These results suggest that, among a free-living population, relatively small changes in the fatty acid composition of plasma and platelets may be reflected in significant differences in platelet aggregation, and that an increase in linoleate-rich vegetable fat in the diet may not affect platelet function favourably unless it is accompanied by an adequate supply of ω3 fatty acids.

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