The Adaptive Significance of Egg Size and Laying Date in Thick-Billed Murres Uria Lomvia

Ecology ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 300-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Birkhead ◽  
D. N. Nettleship
The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 657-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mark Hipfner ◽  
Anthony J. Gaston ◽  
H. Grant Gilchrist

Abstract We used data collected across 28 years (1975–2002) to compare how timing of laying and egg size respond to environmental variability in two low-arctic and two high-arctic Thick-billed Murre (Uria lomvia) populations. Ice conditions strongly affect food availability to marine birds in the Arctic, and the percentage of the sea's surface covered by ice within 300 km of the breeding colony varied more among years near the start of laying at our high-arctic study colonies (Prince Leopold and Coburg Islands, Nunavut, Canada) than at our low-arctic study colonies (Coats and Digges Islands, Nunavut). However, mean values differed little. These results indicate that Thick-billed Murres breeding in the High Arctic experience more variable ice conditions, but not necessarily more severe ice conditions, during the period of egg formation. In response, both median laying date and mean egg size varied more among years at high-arctic than at low-arctic colonies. Several lines of evidence suggested that the variation was a result of within-female effects, i.e., phenotypic plasticity rather than different individuals breeding in years in which environmental conditions differed. Previous studies have shown that Thick-billed Murres lay eggs later in years of heavier ice coverage, especially in the High Arctic where ice conditions can be severe, and only in the High Arctic was later laying associated with reduced egg size. The relationship tended towards a negative asymptote suggesting that each female may have her own minimum egg size. Our results show that Thick-billed Murres that inhabit a more variable environment display greater variability in life-history traits. More generally, they offer insight into mechanisms linking environmental heterogeneity to phenotypic variation in life-history traits. Variación en el Tamaño del Huevo y la Fecha de Puesta en Poblaciones Reproductivas de Uria lomvia en el Ártico Bajo y el Ártico Alto Resumen. Empleamos datos colectados a lo largo de 28 años (1975–2002) para determinar cómo el ajuste temporal de la puesta y del tamaño del huevo responde a la variabilidad ambiental en dos poblaciones del Ártico bajo y dos poblaciones del Ártico alto de Uria lomvia. Las condiciones del hielo afectaron fuertemente la disponibilidad de alimentos para las aves marinas en el Ártico. El porcentaje de la superficie del mar cubierta por hielo a menos de 300 km de la colonia reproductiva varió más entre años cerca del inicio de la puesta en nuestras colonias de estudio del Ártico alto (Islas Prince Leopold y Coburg, Nunavut, Canadá) que en nuestras colonias de estudio del Ártico bajo (Islas Coats and Digges, Nunavut). Sin embargo, los valores medios difirieron poco. Estos resultados indican que los individuos de Uria lomvia que crían en el Ártico alto experimentan condiciones de hielo más variables, pero no necesariamente más severas, durante el período de la formación del huevo. Como respuesta, tanto la fecha mediana de puesta y la media del tamaño del huevo variaron más entre años en las colonias del Ártico alto que en las del Ártico bajo. Varias líneas de evidencia sugirieron que esta variación fue el resultado de variaciones propias de las hembras (i.e., plasticidad fenotípica) y no de variación entre individuos diferentes que criaron en años en los cuales las condiciones ambientales difirieron. Estudios previos han mostrado que Uria lomvia realiza su puesta más tarde en los años de mucha cobertura de hielo, especialmente en el Ártico alto, donde las condiciones de hielo pueden ser severas, y sólo en el Ártico alto la demora de la puesta se asoció con una reducción del tamaño del huevo. La relación tendió hacia una asíntota negativa, sugiriendo que cada hembra podría tener su propio tamaño mínimo del huevo. Nuestros resultados muestran que los individuos de Uria lomvia que habitan un ambiente más variable muestran mayor variabilidad en los rasgos de historia de vida. De modo más general, nuestros resultados ofrecen información sobre los mecanismos que vinculan la heterogeneidad ambiental con la variación fenotípica en los rasgos de historia de vida.


The Auk ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Hargitai ◽  
János Török ◽  
László Tóth ◽  
Gergely Hegyi ◽  
Balázs Rosivall ◽  
...  

AbstractEgg size is a particularly important life-history trait mediating maternal influences on offspring phenotype. Females can vary their egg-size investment in relation to environmental circumstances, their own breeding condition, and the quality of their mate. Here we analyzed inter- and intraclutch variation in egg size in the Collared Flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis) on the basis of eight years of data. According to our results, mean egg size increased with female condition, but did not differ among young, middle-aged, and old females. The male’s age, body size, and forehead patch size did not influence egg size; thus, we found no evidence for differential investment in egg size in relation to male quality. We found no effect of laying date on egg size when controlling for ambient temperature during the egg formation period, yet temperature had a significant effect on egg size. That result indicates proximate constraints on egg formation. Furthermore, we report on annual differences in intraclutch egg-size variation. Egg size increased within clutches in years with a warm prelaying period; whereas in years when the weather during that period was cold, there was no significant intraclutch trend. Proximate considerations seem to explain the observed patterns of intraclutch egg-size variation; however, we cannot reject the adaptive explanation. Mean egg size and intraclutch egg-size variation were unrelated to clutch size. Therefore, we found no evidence for a trade-off between size and number of eggs within a clutch.


1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 1579-1587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory J. Robertson

Annual variation in volumes of eggs laid by common eiders (Somateria mollissima sedentaria) nesting at La Pérouse Bay, Manitoba (58°43′N, 93°27′W), was studied over 3 years (1991–1993). Temperatures during the egg-laying period were higher in 1991 than in 1992 and 1993. However, the eiders began nesting in 1993 at the same time as in 1991, whereas in 1992 the eiders began laying approximately 2 weeks later. Eiders laid significantly smaller clutches in 1992 than in the other 2 years. Egg size did not correlate with clutch size or laying date in any year. However, eiders laid smaller eggs in 1992 and 1993 than in 1991. In five egg clutches, the pattern of intraclutch egg-size variation was different among years. The last laid eggs of five egg clutches were disproportionately smaller in 1992 and 1993 (cold years) than those laid in 1991. Minimum daily temperatures before the egg-laying period (during rapid yolk development) were positively correlated with egg size. However, this effect was not significant when year and egg sequence were controlled for. Egg-size variation was correlated with the overall ambient temperatures during the laying period, whereas annual clutch-size variation was correlated with laying date, suggesting that the proximate mechanisms affecting clutch and egg size are different.


1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1534-1542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Potti

Ontogenetic, genetic, and environmental variation in egg length, breadth, and volume were investigated in the Pied Flycatcher across four breeding seasons in central Spain. Egg length and breadth were poorly correlated and did not vary with laying date. There was an indication of decreasing egg breadth with increasing clutch size that may indicate a trade-off between both variables. Egg size increased with female condition and, independently, with territory quality. Mean egg size decreased with advancing female age, which is perhaps related to the increase of clutch size with age in this species. There were high, significant repeatabilities of almost all egg dimensions, including relative volumes of first and last eggs, among females, both within and between years. Also, nest boxes were repeatable in the relative volume of the last eggs of (different) females laying in them, suggesting an influence of territory quality on relative egg size. Territory quality also had positive influences on some egg measurements that were independent of female condition. Heritability, estimated by mother–daughter regression, was significant only for egg length. These results are discussed in relation to proximate constraints on egg formation, predictions from the brood-survival hypothesis, and a possible trade-off between clutch and egg sizes.


1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 1904-1911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd W. Arnold

I studied the effects of food availability, habitat quality, and timing of breeding on egg production in yellow-headed blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus). Food availability was experimentally manipulated by providing females on six wetlands with supplemental food; six additional wetlands served as unsupplemented controls. Mean nest initiation dates varied by up to 6 d among wetlands, and supplementally fed blackbirds initiated nests 2 d earlier than controls, on average (although this latter difference was not quite significant; P = 0.07). Clutch size declined with laying date, but was unaffected by wetland location, food supplementation, or interactions between these two factors and laying date. Although egg size did not vary among wetlands or in relation to supplemental feeding, egg composition varied with both of these factors. All egg components except wet and dry shell and dry albumen varied among wetlands, whereas total water, wet yolk, and lean yolk were the only components that varied with food supplementation. Large blackbird eggs contained proportionately more water and albumen, but proportionately less yolk and shell. These patterns were somewhat compensatory, such that proportional protein and energy content did not vary with egg size; however, large eggs contained proportionately less fat than did small eggs. Proportional egg composition varied among wetlands (yolk and energy content), but was not affected by supplemental feeding. In general, egg production by yellow-headed blackbirds was not greatly affected by food availability. This may have been due to any of the following four factors: (1) inaccessibility of food supplements owing to competition between male and female blackbirds, (2) insufficient time for females to respond to food supplements, owing to rapid settlement and nest initiation, (3) a nutritionally inappropriate food supplement (i.e., protein availability may not have been enhanced among fed birds), or (4) superabundance of natural foods such that food availability was not limiting egg production.


2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 820-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long-Hui Lin ◽  
Fei Mao ◽  
Ce Chen ◽  
Xiang Ji

Abstract We collected gravid gray rat snakes Ptyas korros from three geographically distinct populations in China, Chenzhou (CZ), Jiangshan (JS) and Dinghai (DH), to study geographical variation in female reproductive traits. Egg-laying dates differed among the three populations such that at the most northern latitude egg-laying was latest, and earliest at the most southern lati-tutde. Clutch size, clutch mass, egg mass, egg shape, within clutch variability in egg sizes and relative clutch mass differed among the three populations, whereas post-oviposition body mass did not. Except for egg-laying date, none of the traits examined varied in a geographically continuous trend. CZ and DH females, although separated by a distance of approximately 1100 km as the crow flies, were similar in nearly all traits examined. JS females were distinguished from CZ and DH females by their higher fecundity (clutch size), greater reproductive output (clutch mass) and more rounded eggs. Our data do not validate the prediction that larger offspring should be produced in colder localities. The absence of an egg size-number trade-off in each of the three populations presumably suggests that P. korros is among species where eggs are well optimized for size within a population.


The Auk ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 1137-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Massaro ◽  
John T. Darby ◽  
Lloyd S. Davis ◽  
Kerri-Anne Edge ◽  
Michael J. Hazel

Abstract Increased experience with age may allow long-lived seabirds to forage more efficiently and ultimately to invest more into reproduction. In many seabirds, egg size increases with female age, but declines with laying date. Declines in laying date might be due either to quality of individual females or females may adjust their egg size in response to poorer conditions typically found late in the season. We investigated the influence of female age, date of laying, and annual variation on egg size in Yellow-eyed Penguins (Megadyptes antipodes). Further, we tested whether there was an effect of individual females or female age on date of laying. Whereas female age influenced egg volume, mass, and width, laying date had no effect on egg size or mass in Yellow-eyed Penguins. Laying dates differed significantly among females but were not affected by their ages. These results indicate that in Yellow-eyed Penguins, some individual females lay consistently early or late, regardless of age, but that egg size generally increases with age.


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