scholarly journals Leaf Area of Mature Northwestern Coniferous Forests: Relation to Site Water Balance

Ecology ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles G. Grier ◽  
Steven W. Running
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Site Water

scholarly journals Design of Land Application Systems for Water Reuse

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2120
Author(s):  
Clifford B. Fedler
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Design Approach ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Application Systems ◽  
Nutrient Salt ◽  
Site Water ◽  
Irrigated Crops

Water reuse via land application is old technology; but the water balance only design approach and practice has not worked well. There are many benefits of water reuse by irrigating crops; however, there are some risks if not designed properly. When the design approach uses a combined water-nutrient-salt balance, the most effective and sustainable, long-term system is achieved. This approach provides a design based on land area requirements, on-site water storage, and economic return from the irrigated crops. The single, most often overlooked step in the water balance is accounting for the water stored in the soil. When spread over large areas, this quantity of water results in considerably less required surface water storage, which saves capital costs. This design approach has been used successfully on multiple sites for over 30 years without failure.

scholarly journals Hydrology of Drained Peatland Forest: Numerical Experiment on the Role of Tree Stand Heterogeneity and Management

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leena Stenberg ◽  
Kersti Haahti ◽  
Hannu Hökkä ◽  
Samuli Launiainen ◽  
Mika Nieminen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Numerical Experiment ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Tree Stand ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Site Water ◽  
Stand Thinning

A prerequisite for sustainable peatland forestry is sufficiently low water table (WT) level for profitable tree production. This requires better understanding on controls and feedbacks between tree stand and its evapotranspiration, drainage network condition, climate, and WT levels. This study explores the role of spatial tree stand distribution in the spatiotemporal distribution of WT levels and site water balance. A numerical experiment was conducted by a three-dimensional (3-D) hydrological model (FLUSH) applied to a 0.5 ha peatland forest assuming (1) spatially uniform interception and transpiration, (2) interception and transpiration scaled with spatial distributions of tree crown and root biomass, and (3) the combination of spatially scaled interception and uniform transpiration. Site water balance and WT levels were simulated for two meteorologically contrasting years. Spatial variations in transpiration were found to control WT levels even in a forest with relatively low stand stem volume (<100 m3/ha). Forest management scenarios demonstrated how stand thinning and reduced drainage efficiency raised WT levels and increased the area and duration of excessively wet conditions having potentially negative economic (reduced tree growth) and environmental (e.g., methane emissions, phosphorus mobilization) consequences. In practice, silvicultural treatment manipulating spatial stand structure should be optimized to avoid emergence of wet spots.

scholarly journals Do the energy fluxes and surface conductance of boreal coniferous forests in Europe scale with leaf area?

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 4096-4113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuli Launiainen ◽  
Gabriel G. Katul ◽  
Pasi Kolari ◽  
Anders Lindroth ◽  
Annalea Lohila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Surface Conductance ◽  
Energy Fluxes

ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN RELATION TO LEAF AREA

1974 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. KRISTENSEN
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
Potential Evaporation ◽  
Area Index

The ratio of leaf area to ground area required for maintaining potential evaporation has been studied in a 4-year investigation, and the influence of leaf area index on the water use and the actual water balance is discussed.

Validate the DSSAT Model on Winter Wheat under Conservation Tillage Treatments in the West Henan, China

2014 ◽  
Vol 522-524 ◽  
pp. 699-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Hui Lu ◽  
Hua Bai ◽  
Hui Ying Liu
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Soil Water Balance ◽  
The West ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Straw Mulching

Crop growth simulation models can be useful in evaluating the impacts of different tillage and residue management operations on the changes in land productivity and soil-water balance components. They offer a potentially valuable set of tools for examining questions related to performance of conservation agriculture. This can be both to improve our understanding or conceptualization of processes and to improve quantitative predictions for use by agronomists, growers, policy makers or others. We applied the new Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer (DSSAT) version 4.5, an improved crop growth simulation model, to three conservation agriculture treatments and one conventional tillage treatment data from a field-scale study in west Henan region of China to predict winter-wheat yield, leaf area index and soil-water balance. The sites average annual precipitation is 632mm and it had a winter wheat-fallow-winter wheat rotation. There winter wheat planting in October and harvesting in next year June. The model was calibrated using 2005-2006 winter-wheat crop data from field experiments of the four treatments. The treatments were: (1) decreased tillage (DT): mulching of 10-15cm height straw and one ploughing operation to 25cm depth on July 1st; (2) zero tillage (ZT): zero tillage with 35-40cm height straw mulching; (3) subsoiling (SS): 35-40cm height straw mulching and subsoil to 40cm depth on July 1st; (4) conventional tillage (CT): 10-15cm height straw mulching and two ploughing operations 20cm deep on July 1st and October 1st. The DSSAT satisfactorily simulated the four treatments variations in winter-wheat yield, leaf area index and soil-water balance. There was better agreement between observed and predicted yields (the error absolute values were less than 3.95% and the error mean absolute values were less than 2.78%). The mean value of root mean square errors (RMSE) for simulated leaf area index (LAI) and soil water storage were 0.41cm2·cm-2 and 0.08cm3·cm-3 for DT, ZT, SS and CT, treatment respectively. The predicted water use efficiency for the four treatments were 15.85, 15.40, 16.58 and 15.81kg·mm-1·ha-1, respectively. These values were close to the values calculated from field measured data (16.82, 14.44, 16.86 and 15.66kg·mm-1·ha-1, respectively). Although the analysis results show us that the DSSAT V4.5 is well suited for simulating winter-wheat growth in the West Henan region of China, these results are preliminary and based on only one year of experimental data and four treatments and further long-term analyses need to be carried out for improving the understanding of the conservation agriculture cropping systems in the west Henan region of China.

scholarly journals Indikatoren zur Schätzung des Trockenheitsrisikos in Buchen- und Fichtenwäldern

2015 ◽  
Vol 166 (6) ◽  
pp. 361-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Braun ◽  
Jan Remund ◽  
Beat Rihm
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Basal Area Increment ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Northern Switzerland ◽  
Site Water ◽  
Spruce Mortality

Indicators for quantitative assessment of drought risks in beech and Norway spruce forests The application of climate models to forecast future forest development asks for quantitative drought-response relationships, with the term “drought” first needing a definition. The long-term data series of an intercantonal forest observation program allowed to test various drought indicators, to compare them and to derive quantitative relationships for beech and Norway spruce. For basal area increment of both tree species indicators of the site water balance (SWB) performed best. For beech mortality site water balance and several indicators basing on the ratio between actual and potential evapo-transpiration (ETa/ETp) were equivalent, whereas for spruce mortality ETa/ETp during the first 80 days of the season was the best indicator. With these indicators the average drought related growth reduction after 2003 – a year with extreme drought – was estimated to amount to 32% for beech and 37% for Norway spruce. Mortality of Norway spruce increased by 130%, whereas the estimates for the increase of beech mortality vary between 54 and 110%, depending on the indicator. The observed quantitative relationships for growth were applied to map drought responses of growth for Switzerland. The maps clearly show the dry regions of Switzerland (northern Switzerland, southern Jura foothills, Lemanic region, Valais and Rhine valley around Chur), where basal area increment of beech and Norway spruce was reduced by more than 40%.

Mine Water Management – A study at Edikan Gold Mine (EGM)

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-84
Author(s):  
Raymond Ninnang Tiile
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Mine Water ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Gold Mine ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Mine Water Management ◽  
Site Water ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
A Site

Water is an essential part of all mining activities and the availability of quality water year round is critical to mining operations.Mine water is largely employed in drilling, dust suppression, mineral processing and other in-pit operations. Shortage of water ina mine results in poor drilling control, dust pollution, and mill shutdowns, hence a critical need to optimize the use of water invarious mining processes. This paper seeks to establish an effective mine water management system at Edikan Gold Mine (EGM)to have enough water in store for drought conditions. A site water balance was established primarily taking into accounts theinflows and outflows of water at the mine. Results show that rainfall and the Asuafa River are the principal sources of water forEGM mining operations, while the processing plant was the main water user on the mine site. Annual net water balance is alsoestimated to help determine the required capacities of future water storage facilities.

Leaf area index is the principal scaling parameter for both gross photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration of Northern deciduous and coniferous forests

Tellus B ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Lindroth ◽  
Fredrik Lagergren ◽  
Mika Aurela ◽  
Brynhildur Bjarnadottir ◽  
Torben Christensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Gross Photosynthesis ◽  
Scaling Parameter
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