scholarly journals Arid site water balance: evapotranspiration modeling and measurements

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.W. Gee ◽  
R.R. Kirkham
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Site Water ◽  
Evapotranspiration Modeling

scholarly journals Design of Land Application Systems for Water Reuse

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2120
Author(s):  
Clifford B. Fedler
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Design Approach ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Application Systems ◽  
Nutrient Salt ◽  
Site Water ◽  
Irrigated Crops

Water reuse via land application is old technology; but the water balance only design approach and practice has not worked well. There are many benefits of water reuse by irrigating crops; however, there are some risks if not designed properly. When the design approach uses a combined water-nutrient-salt balance, the most effective and sustainable, long-term system is achieved. This approach provides a design based on land area requirements, on-site water storage, and economic return from the irrigated crops. The single, most often overlooked step in the water balance is accounting for the water stored in the soil. When spread over large areas, this quantity of water results in considerably less required surface water storage, which saves capital costs. This design approach has been used successfully on multiple sites for over 30 years without failure.

scholarly journals Hydrology of Drained Peatland Forest: Numerical Experiment on the Role of Tree Stand Heterogeneity and Management

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leena Stenberg ◽  
Kersti Haahti ◽  
Hannu Hökkä ◽  
Samuli Launiainen ◽  
Mika Nieminen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Numerical Experiment ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Tree Stand ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Site Water ◽  
Stand Thinning

A prerequisite for sustainable peatland forestry is sufficiently low water table (WT) level for profitable tree production. This requires better understanding on controls and feedbacks between tree stand and its evapotranspiration, drainage network condition, climate, and WT levels. This study explores the role of spatial tree stand distribution in the spatiotemporal distribution of WT levels and site water balance. A numerical experiment was conducted by a three-dimensional (3-D) hydrological model (FLUSH) applied to a 0.5 ha peatland forest assuming (1) spatially uniform interception and transpiration, (2) interception and transpiration scaled with spatial distributions of tree crown and root biomass, and (3) the combination of spatially scaled interception and uniform transpiration. Site water balance and WT levels were simulated for two meteorologically contrasting years. Spatial variations in transpiration were found to control WT levels even in a forest with relatively low stand stem volume (<100 m3/ha). Forest management scenarios demonstrated how stand thinning and reduced drainage efficiency raised WT levels and increased the area and duration of excessively wet conditions having potentially negative economic (reduced tree growth) and environmental (e.g., methane emissions, phosphorus mobilization) consequences. In practice, silvicultural treatment manipulating spatial stand structure should be optimized to avoid emergence of wet spots.

scholarly journals Indikatoren zur Schätzung des Trockenheitsrisikos in Buchen- und Fichtenwäldern

2015 ◽  
Vol 166 (6) ◽  
pp. 361-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Braun ◽  
Jan Remund ◽  
Beat Rihm
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Basal Area Increment ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Northern Switzerland ◽  
Site Water ◽  
Spruce Mortality

Indicators for quantitative assessment of drought risks in beech and Norway spruce forests The application of climate models to forecast future forest development asks for quantitative drought-response relationships, with the term “drought” first needing a definition. The long-term data series of an intercantonal forest observation program allowed to test various drought indicators, to compare them and to derive quantitative relationships for beech and Norway spruce. For basal area increment of both tree species indicators of the site water balance (SWB) performed best. For beech mortality site water balance and several indicators basing on the ratio between actual and potential evapo-transpiration (ETa/ETp) were equivalent, whereas for spruce mortality ETa/ETp during the first 80 days of the season was the best indicator. With these indicators the average drought related growth reduction after 2003 – a year with extreme drought – was estimated to amount to 32% for beech and 37% for Norway spruce. Mortality of Norway spruce increased by 130%, whereas the estimates for the increase of beech mortality vary between 54 and 110%, depending on the indicator. The observed quantitative relationships for growth were applied to map drought responses of growth for Switzerland. The maps clearly show the dry regions of Switzerland (northern Switzerland, southern Jura foothills, Lemanic region, Valais and Rhine valley around Chur), where basal area increment of beech and Norway spruce was reduced by more than 40%.

Mine Water Management – A study at Edikan Gold Mine (EGM)

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-84
Author(s):  
Raymond Ninnang Tiile
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Mine Water ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Gold Mine ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Mine Water Management ◽  
Site Water ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
A Site

Water is an essential part of all mining activities and the availability of quality water year round is critical to mining operations.Mine water is largely employed in drilling, dust suppression, mineral processing and other in-pit operations. Shortage of water ina mine results in poor drilling control, dust pollution, and mill shutdowns, hence a critical need to optimize the use of water invarious mining processes. This paper seeks to establish an effective mine water management system at Edikan Gold Mine (EGM)to have enough water in store for drought conditions. A site water balance was established primarily taking into accounts theinflows and outflows of water at the mine. Results show that rainfall and the Asuafa River are the principal sources of water forEGM mining operations, while the processing plant was the main water user on the mine site. Annual net water balance is alsoestimated to help determine the required capacities of future water storage facilities.

Radial growth response of white oak to climate in eastern North America

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 2180-2192 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. LeBlanc ◽  
Mark A. Terrell
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
Range Limit ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Climate Gradients ◽  
Site Water ◽  
Dormant Season

Predicting forest responses to climate change requires an understanding of the cause–effect relationships linking climate to tree growth. Dendroecological analyses across sites that span climate gradients provide one means of characterizing such relationships. Dendroecological analyses for white oak ( Quercus alba L.) at 149 sites spanning the species range in eastern North America identified spatially replicated growth–climate associations. Early growing season site water balance variables for the year of annual ring formation had the strongest, most spatially replicated associations with growth. There was little evidence of phenological variation of these associations related to the latitudinal temperature gradient. Most spatial variation in growth–climate associations was along an east-to-west precipitation gradient. Radial growth was most strongly correlated with site water balance at sites in the northwest quadrant of the range, characterized by continental climate and high interannual variability in precipitation. There was little evidence that dormant season temperature affects white oak growth, even at the northern range limit. Correlations with dormant season precipitation were common in the northwest part of the range, where winter soil water recharge may be more variable. Spatial replication was a useful criterion for distinguishing growth–climate correlations that reflect cause–effect relationships.

Water Balance and Urine Production in the Australian Arid-Zone Crab Holthuisana Transversa

1980 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-246
Author(s):  
PETER GREENAWAY
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Water Output ◽  
Osmotic Water ◽  
Urine Production ◽  
Site Water ◽  
Freshwater Decapods

The permeability to tritiated water (hourly exchange fraction = 0·164) and the rate of urine flow (0·47% body weight/day) are lower than recorded in other freshwater decapods. The calculated net osmotic water flux (2·71% body weight/day) is 5 times the water output in the urine, indicating that there is extrarenal excretion of water. Water balance is maintained in the absence of urine production, again indicating an extrarenal excretory site. Water turnover is greater for crabs in burrows than for crabs kept in air of 98% R.H., indicating relatively favourable conditions of moisture availability at the base of the burrow.

Predicting the site water balance of a phytocapped landfill using HYDRUS 1D

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (1/2/3/4) ◽  
pp. 269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kartik Venkatraman ◽  
Nanjappa Ashwath ◽  
Ninghu Su
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Site Water ◽  
Hydrus 1D

Spatial variation in oak (Quercus spp.) radial growth responses to drought stress in eastern North America

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 986-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. LeBlanc ◽  
Adam M. Berland
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
North America ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Site Water

Dendroecology provides a means to evaluate how mature trees have responded to climate stresses in the recent past and provides one approach for projecting how existing forests will respond to future climate change. This study documented spatial variation in the strength of growth–climate associations for six oak (Quercus) species at 284 sites in eastern North America that span substantial gradients of temperature and site water balance. Radial growth of oaks was more strongly related to growing-season precipitation and the ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration at sites in the western part of the study region where drought conditions occur more frequently. Growth was more strongly related to growing-season mean maximum temperature in the warmer, southern part of the study region. Growth of oaks was not strongly related to site water balance or temperature in the northeastern part of the study region. These results indicate that if climate change results in increased growing-season drought stress, this will adversely affect mature oak trees growing in the southern and western parts of eastern North America, but oaks growing in northeastern North America have more safe space for change before they will suffer reduced growth and vigor.

scholarly journals Leaf Area of Mature Northwestern Coniferous Forests: Relation to Site Water Balance

Ecology ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles G. Grier ◽  
Steven W. Running
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Site Water
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