The South American Military and (Re)Democratization: Professional Thought and Self-Perception

1995 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick M. Nunn
Keyword(s):  
South American ◽  
Current Version ◽  
Popular Participation ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
American Military ◽  
Constitutional Order ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Recent Representation ◽  
The Military

If a medal were to be struck in commemoration of Latin America's successful survival of the 20th century, la cava might bear a representation of democracy and el sello that of authoritarianism. These alternatives have characterized all attempts to arrive at political consensus for the past hundred years and more.The current version of the region's perpetual dichotomous nature has been called (re)democratization. In South America it has replaced professional militarism, the most recent representation of authoritarianism, and threatens to affect traditional democratic practices in countries spared the military incursions of the 1964-1989 quarter-century. To the north, (re)democratization challenges both traditional authoritarianism and Marxism-Leninism.(Re)democratization is a transitional process in which the polity shifts from one with minimal partisan and popular participation back to one based on (ever more maximized) pluralistic participation, usually characterized by meaningful elections, separation of state powers, constitutional order, rule of law, respect for human rights, and civilian regulation of armed force.

Mass Murder and International Assassination

2020 ◽  
pp. 118-151
Author(s):  
Stephen G. Rabe
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Population ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Mass Murder ◽  
South American ◽  
Best Interest ◽  
Henry Kissinger ◽  
American Military ◽  
Military Commanders ◽  
Operation Condor ◽  
The Military

This chapter examines the grotesque policies of the military commanders of Argentina and Chile. Argentina emulated its South American neighbors when the military seized power in March of 1976. Argentina's military rulers thought it would be in the nation's best interest to eliminate 50,000 Argentines. Secretary Henry Kissinger was made aware of the Argentine military's campaign of mass murder by U.S. officials in Washington and Buenos Aires. His aides further warned him that Argentina's murderers and torturers targeted Argentina's Jewish population. The chapter then looks at Secretary Kissinger's response to Operation Condor, a conspiracy of South American military dictatorships that perpetrated international assassinations and terrorism.

Towards a Biogeography of North American Charophytes

1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Mann ◽  
Vernon W. Proctor ◽  
Alberto S. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
North American ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
South American ◽  
Lake Titicaca ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
The Stability

The great bulk of the world’s charophyte literature of the past 100 years or more suffers from several major limitations. Much is entirely descriptive with but few attempts to ascribe any functionality to the features under consideration, or how they adapt such species to their respective ecological niches. Charophyte distributions have been attributed almost entirely to physical parameters with virtually no consideration given to the role of aquatic herbivores or other biotic environmental factors. Furthermore, most workers have focused on relatively restricted areas with little or no reference to others either near or far removed. That there is much to be gained from a wider focus (both spatially and conceptually) that incorporates greater conjecture as well as enhanced collaboration is here suggested. How are the charophyte floras of one region similar to, or different from, those of another, and, of particular significance, ‘Why?’ The authors, being North American, focus on that continent but with the firm conviction that most generalities applicable there hold equally true for other landmasses, and have done so for the previous 10, if not 100, million years. This account focuses first, if somewhat superficially, on 14 widely distinct North American charophyte communities (plus South American Lake Titicaca) and then in greater detail on four of those. Among other issues considered are how species richness relates to latitude; why some geographical entities support more charophyte species than do others; the extent to which charophyte floras reflect the availability of different habitats; the contributions of herbivory to the preceding; the stability of the North American charophyte flora; the ecological considerations most often reflected by charophyte zonation and how–or to what extent–range extensions reflect niche preferences or requirements. While the authors well appreciate just how minimal their efforts may appear a century hence, at least they hope to have placed on the table some considerations with which colleagues from other landmasses may agree, disagree or suggest modifications.

Bronze Coinage and City Life in Central Greece circa A.D. 1000

1965 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
D. M. Metcalf
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
North West ◽  
City Life ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The Military

In the decades around the millennium the issues of bronze coinage of the Byzantine Empire, except at Cherson, were exclusively ‘Rex Regnantium’ folles. In accordance with the theocratic political philosophy of the time, the portrait they bore was that not of the emperor but of Christ, ‘the King of those who Rule’. The inscriptions were analogous: Ἐμμανουήλ and Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς Βασιλεὺς τῶν Βασιλευόντων. Some issues were similar in size and fabric to the earlier issues of the Macedonian dynasty, but others were large, heavy coins, superior to any that had been generally available since the days of Justinian the Great. Quite probably, indeed, they were modelled on the sixth-century folles, as those of Constantine IV certainly had been, with the intention of recalling the glories of the past. The intervening period had witnessed an almost total decline in the circulation of petty currency in the provinces. It is to be seen as evidence of a corresponding decline in city life, for which, in turn, a complex of causes is to be discerned—demographic decline; the Islamic expansion into the eastern provinces and into the coasts and islands of the Mediterranean; the pressure of the Avars, Slavs, and Bulgars in the north-west; the strain imposed on the Byzantine treasury by the military effort expended in containing these threats; provincial self-sufficiency, and lowered standards which necessarily followed from the impoverishment of the state and its peoples. The revival of the Empire's fortunes began in the ninth century, and reached a climax under Basil II (976–1025), who re-established Byzantine rule firmly over territories extending from the Adriatic coasts to the upper valley of the Euphrates. By the end of Basil's reign the use of petty currency, which during the ninth and tenth centuries had still been significantly restricted to a few cities of the Aegean and Black Sea coastlands, was spreading much more widely through the Balkans and Asia Minor. Also, the reconquest of Antioch and the cities of Cilicia added to the needs that the imperial coinage had to meet.

Military Institutional Development and Sociopolitical Change: The Bolivian Case

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles D. Corbett
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
The Political ◽  
Sociopolitical Change ◽  
American Military ◽  
The Past ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Structural Relationships ◽  
The Military

The Latin American military is a complex institution in a complex society. It probably has always been, but in the past the dynamics acting upon the change versus order equation have allowed new structural relationships to be worked out over extended periods of time, relatively free from ideological passions and exogenous influences. That time has passed. Probably in no other region of the world are military establishments undergoing the degree of institutional selfexamination and mission redefinition as are the armies of Latin America today. They have neither the development-oriented self-confidence of the armies of the “new” nations, nor the threat-oriented Weltanschauung of the military in the established countries. Previously acceptable roles—as moderators in the political process or guarantors of their own image of the country's traditions—are under examination not only in the society at large but in the heart of the military institutions.

scholarly journals Sovereignty this Century - Maori and the Common Law Constitution

2000 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
P G McHugh
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Constitutional Order ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

This paper is an attempt to give a panorama of constitutional life in New Zealand this century as viewed through a particularly important window, the status of the aboriginal Maori people of these islands. Questions of Maori rights and their position in the constitutional order have become burning issues in this final quarter century and represent an immense challenge for the next. This exploration is particularly appropriate as we celebrate a century of law teaching in this capital city at a University which has produced many if not most of this country's distinguished and influential public lawyers. In many respects, the history we are about to review is also a history of common law constitutionalism in this country as well to a lesser extent as similar Anglophonic jurisdictions. We are looking not just at how that part of the common law we call "public law" has dealt with a particular ethnic group. Through this aboriginal window we are looking at the changing logic and reach of public law through the past century and at the nature and character of the common law itself.

scholarly journals THE USE OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN RESTORING CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS IN THE CHECHEN REPUBLIC IN 1994-1995

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56
Author(s):  
V.A. Gurov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Constitutional Order ◽  
The North ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Units

The article is devoted to the role and place of the armed forces of the Russian Federation in restoring constitutional order in the Chechen Republic. The author summarized the experience of using military units and subunits in regrouping and destroying militants in urban and mountainous conditions. He offers a comprehensive analysis of the shortcomings in the training of military units. The article also contains author's subjective observations made during participation in the military operations in Chechnya.

A correlated shortening of the North and South American monsoon seasons in the past few decades

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 3183-3203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola A. Arias ◽  
Rong Fu ◽  
Carolina Vera ◽  
Maisa Rojas
Keyword(s):  
South American ◽  
South American Monsoon ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
North And South

Jihadists will try to provoke new Burkinabe faultlines

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Social Unrest ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High Profile ◽  
The Past ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
The North ◽  
The Military

Subject Burkinabe jihadists' tactics. Significance Over the past month, jihadist insurgents have begun attacking Christian churches and worshippers. With Burkina Faso enjoying a reputation for religious pluralism and tolerance, this is likely an attempt to push non-Muslims out of the north of the country, while also turning Christians and Muslims against each other. Following earlier successful attempts to provoke community confrontations along ethnic lines, this new jihadist tactic is testing the government’s ability to pursue counterinsurgency measures and preserve social cohesion. Impacts Influential ethnic and religious leaders will likely begin to take more prominent roles in mediating local conflicts. The authorities’ inability to effectively manage other social unrest could see its popularity weaken before the 2020 polls. Civil society activists will become more vocal in their scrutiny of the armed forces and its human rights record. Following recent high-profile hostage kidnappings, the military is tightening coordination with both Benin and Niger.

Churches and Human Rights in Latin America: Recent Trends in the Subcontinent

1979 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
South American ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Democratic Regimes ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Military

Over the past fifteen years the military have seized power in most major South American countries, leaving only Colombia and Venezuela with democratic regimes. The armed forces claim that only they are capable of controlling the domestic violence and social disruptions which accompanied the rapid political and economic changes of the 1960s. This process of social conflict and subsequent military intervention has been especially notable in the countries of the subcontinent region—Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Peru, and Uruguay.

Fault Lines of the American Military Profession

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Crosbie ◽  
Meredith Kleykamp
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Military Leaders ◽  
American Military ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fault Lines ◽  
Military Profession ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
Armed Services ◽  
The Military

Over the past decade, the American armed services have witnessed a near-constant stream of so-called ethical lapses. Spanning rank, specialty, and service, these “lapses” have given rise to a flood of criticism by journalists and piercing calls for reform from politicians. In response, American military leaders have pointed to the paired concepts of profession and professionalism as the solution. In this article, we use classical conceptualizations of the military profession to resituate the problem of ethical lapses as instead one of the three fault lines of the contemporary American military profession, unfolding alongside crises in military expertise and identity. The three fault lines reveal at once the large scale of the challenges facing the American armed services and our very limited social scientific understanding of those problems. We end by emphasizing the need for future research to establish an updated empirical baseline for theories of the military profession in America.

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