La Campaña Permanente: Mexico's Antidrug Campaign

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard B. Craig
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
South America ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Potency ◽  
Psychotropic Substances ◽  
Antidrug Campaign ◽  
The U.S

The problems associated with drug abuse in the United States have received considerable attention in recent years. By the mid-1970s, approximately 500,000 Americans were addicted to heroin, while at least 15 million were regular or casual users of marijuana. None of this heroin originates domestically, and only a small percentage of the marijuana, and this of low potency, is home-grown. Consequently, the question of source has become cardinal to most analyses of drug use and abuse in the United States.Mexico has long been the primary source of high potency marijuana for the American market. Despite the recent influx from Jamaica and Colombia, Mexico still supplies an estimated 70% of the annual American consumption, or some 10 million pounds. More importantly, Mexico is currently the source of 70% to 80% of the heroin on the U.S. market, an alarming 6-8 ton annual figure. Furthermore, Mexico is both a primary transshipment route for cocaine, an increasingly popular drug originating in South America, and the source of vast quantities of psychotropic substances.

Nixon’s War

2020 ◽  
pp. 133-152
Author(s):  
Russell Crandall
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Orange County ◽  
The United States ◽  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Juvenile Arrests

This chapter recounts how drug use became commonplace among the American middle-class once again over the course of the second half of the twentieth century. It discusses the federal crackdown in the Progressive era and Harry Anslinger's ensuing anti-drug crusade that made it easy to forget that Americans had ever before flirted with mind-altering substances. It also cites President Richard Nixon's announcement of his national attack on narcotics abuse on July 14, 1969 as a campaign promise he had to uphold after speaking in southern California's conservative Orange County in September 1968. The chapter elaborates how Nixon's announcement decried the explosion in drug use as a growing menace to the welfare of the United States, causing the surge juvenile arrests for drug possession between 1960 and 1967. It talks about how Nixon was convinced that illegal drug abuse in America had reached epidemic levels and blamed the surge on several sources, such as the sympathetic media coverage.

The Stimulus of Prohibition: A Critical History of the Global Narcotics Trade

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred W. McCoy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Control Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
White House ◽  
National Drug ◽  
The U.S

The current war on drugs being waged by the United States and United Nations rests upon a fundamental misunderstanding of the global nar­cotics traffic. In 1998, for example, the White House issued a National Drug Con­trol Strategy, proclaiming a 10-year program “to reduce illegal drug use and avail­ability 50 percent by the year 2007,” thereby achieving “the lowest recorded drug-use rate in American history.” To this end, the U.S. program plans to reduce foreign drug cultivation, shipments from source countries like Colombia, and smuggling in key transit zones. Although this strategy promises a balanced attack on both supply and demand, its ultimate success hinges upon the complete eradi­cation of the international supply of illicit drugs. “Eliminating the cultivation of il­licit coca and opium,” the document says in a revealing passage, “is the best ap­proach to combating cocaine and heroin availability in the U.S.” (U.S. Office of National Drug Control Policy 1998: 1, 23, 28). Similarly, in 1997 the new head of the United Nations Drug Control Program, Dr. Pino Arlacchi, announced a 10-year program to eradicate all illicit opium and coca cultivation, starting in Afghanistan. Three years later, in the United Nation’s World Drug Report 2000, he defended prohibition’s feasibility by citing China as a case where “comprehensive narcotics control strategies . . . succeeded in eradicat­ing opium between 1949 and 1954”— ignoring the communist coercion that al­lowed such success. Arlacchi also called for an “end to the psychology of despair” that questions drug prohibition, and insisted that this policy can indeed produce “the eradication of coca and opium poppy production.” Turning the page, however, the reader will find a chart showing a sharp rise in world opium production from 500 tons in 1981 to 6,000 tons in 2000— a juxtaposition that seems to challenge Ar-lacchi’s faith in prohibition (Bonner 1997; Wren 1998a, 1998b; United Nations 2000d, 1–2, 24). Examined closely, the United States and United Nations are pur­suing a drug control strategy whose success requires not just the reduction but also the total eradication of illicit narcotics cultivation from the face of the globe. Like the White House, the United Nations Drug Control Program (UNDCP) re­mains deeply, almost theologically committed to the untested proposition that the prohibition of cultivation is an effective response to the problem of illicit drugs.

scholarly journals Dementia Care in Diverse Older Adults in the U.S. Deep South and the Rest of the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Maria Pisu ◽  
Roy C. Martin ◽  
Liang Shan ◽  
Giovanna Pilonieta ◽  
Richard E. Kennedy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Deep South ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
The U.S

Background: Use of specialists and recommended drugs has beneficial effects for older adults living with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia (ADRD). Gaps in care may exist for minorities, e.g., Blacks, and especially in the United States (U.S.) Deep South (DS), a poor U.S. region with rising ADRD cases and minority overrepresentation. Currently, we have little understanding of ADRD care utilization in diverse populations in this region and elsewhere in the U.S. (non-DS), and the factors that adversely impact it. Objective: To examine utilization of specialists and ADRD drugs (outcomes) in racial/ethnic groups of older adults with ADRD and the personal or context-level factors affecting these outcomes in DS and non-DS. Methods: We obtained outcomes and personal-level covariates from claims for 127,512 Medicare beneficiaries with ADRD in 2013–2015, and combined county-level data in exploratory factor analysis to define context-level covariates. Adjusted analyses tested significant association of outcomes with Black/White race and other factors in DS and non-DS. Results: Across racial/ethnic groups, 33%–43% in DS and 43%–50% in non-DS used specialists; 47%–55% in DS and 41%–48% in non-DS used ADRD drugs. In adjusted analyses, differences between Blacks and Whites were not significant. Vascular dementia, comorbidities, poverty, and context-level factor “Availability of Medical Resources” were associated with specialist use; Alzheimer’s disease and senile dementia, comorbidities, and specialist use were associated with drug use. In non-DS only, other individual, context-level covariates were associated with the outcomes. Conclusion: We did not observe significant gaps in ADRD care in DS and non-DS; however, research should further examine determinants of low specialist and drug use in these regions.

Occurrence of Stenocarpella macrospora Causing Ear Rot in Corn in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-154
Author(s):  
Martha P. Romero Luna ◽  
Carl A. Bradley ◽  
Heather M. Kelly ◽  
Kiersten A. Wise
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
South America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Stenocarpella Maydis ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Related Fungus

Diplodia ear rot of corn is primarily caused by the fungus Stenocarpella maydis in the United States. Stenocarpella macrospora is a closely related fungus present in the U.S. but primarily associated with Diplodia leaf streak. S. macrospora is recognized as a major ear rot pathogen in South America and South Africa, but has infrequently been associated with ear rot in the U.S. This brief presents the first reports of Diplodia ear rot in Illinois and Tennessee. This is also the first confirmation of S. macrospora causing ear rot in the U.S. in over 60 years. Accepted for publication 19 May 2016. Published 15 June 2016.

scholarly journals Qualitative Studies and Textual Document Research in the United States: Conducting Research in National Archives

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
National Archive ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
Archival Research ◽  
National Archives ◽  
Document Collection ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
The U.S

Qualitative research typically involves gathering evidence through surveys, interviews, and observations. At some point, qualitative researchers may consider including primary source textual documents in their studies. Depending on the study focus, textual document collection may require a visit to a United States national archive. Although preliminary investigations may provide a sense of what to expect during archival research, there is no resource that details the navigation of the U.S. national archive experience. This article will supply the reader with background knowledge related to decisions in choosing textual documents as study evidence, navigating a national archive, and employing the strategy of document sampling. The resulting description is designed to prepare researchers for a successful archival research experience.

scholarly journals Horticultural Import Diversification by U.S. Cucumber Processors: A Monte Carlo Risk Assessment

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 472-478
Author(s):  
Byron L. Frenz ◽  
Jack E. Staub
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Investment Risk ◽  
Investment Strategies ◽  
The U.S

Development projects in developing countries are generally considered to be speculative investments. Potentially significant returns on investment opportunities are often overlooked by assuming that investment risks in developing countries are greater or less manageable than the risks of investment in developed countries. An import purchasing-risk evaluation identified the costs associated with the production and export of processing cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) from Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) to the United States. Although production and export analyses suggested that Hispaniola might not replace Mexico as the primary source of cucumbers for processing in the United States between November and April, Hispaniola affords the U.S. processing industry with an alternative investment option for reducing single-sourcing raw product risk. Therefore, an import diversification evaluation was conducted using Monte Carlo simulation to define a investment-risk model. Monte Carlo simulations of the means and variances of the components of cost andprice were used to assess investment risk under various investment strategies. This model identified sources of cost variation which were then used to characterize export risks derived from growing processing cucumbers on Hispaniola. It was determined that U.S. processors can reduce overall purchasing-risk by diversifying Mexican production to Hispaniola. Through the creation of a strategic transportation alliance between the U.S. and Hispaniola project participants, the export-import costs were such that the investment-risk model identified the allocation of 80% of the production in Mexico and 20% in Haiti as the most favorable diversification strategy. This strategy offered less risk and greater potential long-term returns than purchasing cucumbers solely in Mexico.

Drug Abuse Control and International Treaties

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Kušević
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Psychotropic Substances ◽  
Western Nations

The author discusses major problems relating to international efforts to control non-medical use of narcotics and psychotropic substances and the international treaties that have been concluded to help control such use. He makes recommendations designed to improve international control efforts and strongly supports the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. He especially urges the United States and other Western nations which are manufacturers of such substances to ratify the treaty. He advises the United States that it cannot realistically expect other countries to agree to measures for reducing the illicit production of opium, if it is unwilling to support the Psychotropic Convention and the international controls on psychotropic substances called for by the Convention.

Multilingualism in the United States

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 242-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Lee McKay
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pacific Rim ◽  
Current Intensity ◽  
Language Diversity ◽  
Economic Competition ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The U.S

The scope of this paper is limited to an overview of mutilingualism in the U.S. from 1980 to the present. During this period, discussions of language diversity in the U.S. have been largely dominated by an effort to exert the hegemony of English. This effort has been brought on by changes in the demographic makeup of the U.S. population and supported by a commonly held belief that the economic strength of the U.S. in the international sphere is declining. A dramatic increase in the number of immigrants from Central and South America and the Pacific Rim, coupled with increasing economic competition from industrialized European and Asian nations, has resulted in widespread support for the exclusive use of English in the U.S. This emphasis on English is seen as a way to minimize the threat of the “foreign” influences that are believed to be undermining both the internal unity of the U.S., and its economic world dominance. Whereas nativism is nothing new in the U.S., its current intensity has been fueled by global aspects of migration and economic trade.

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