Effect of Reinforcement on Modality of Stimulus Control in Learning Disabled Students

1982 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Koorland ◽  
William D. Wolking
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Learning Disabled ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Control Performance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Disabled Students ◽  
Stimulus Modality ◽  
Visual Preference ◽  
Term Memory

Pre-existing preference for stimulus modality is often claimed to control performance on short-term memory tasks. The present experiment evaluated the effects of reinforcement contingencies on task performance of bisensory missing words. Subjects included one learning disabled (LD) male with an auditory preference and one LD female with a visual preference on short-term memory tasks that presented both visual and auditory stimuli. Reinforcement contingencies were found to control both subjects' performances. Results imply that reinforcement variables may account for consistency in a subject's visual or auditory stimulus-controlled performance.

Hearing the Beat

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen M. Einarson ◽  
Laurel J. Trainor
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Perceptual Sensitivity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Phase Errors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Better Than

Adults can extract the underlying beat from music, and entrain their movements with that beat. Although infants and children are poor at synchronizing their movements to auditory stimuli, recent findings suggest they are perceptually sensitive to the beat. We examined five-year-old children’s perceptual sensitivity to musical beat alignment (adapting the adult task of Iversen & Patel, 2008). We also examined whether sensitivity is affected by metric complexity, and whether perceptual sensitivity correlates with cognitive skills. On each trial of the complex Beat Alignment Test (cBAT) children were presented with two successive videos of puppets drumming to music with simple or complex meter. One puppet’s drumming was synchronized with the beat of the music while the other had either incorrect tempo or incorrect phase, and children were asked to select the better drummer. In two experiments, five-year-olds were able to detect beat misalignments in simple meter music significantly better than beat misalignments in complex meter music for both phase errors and tempo errors, with performance for complex meter music at chance levels. Although cBAT performance correlated with short-term memory in Experiment One, the relationship held for both simple and complex meter, so cannot explain the superior performance for culturally typical meters.

scholarly journals Short-term memory for visual and auditory stimuli in pigeons

1984 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp J. Kraemer ◽  
William A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

Absence of a Cross-Modal “Suffix Effect” in Short-Term Memory

1970 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Morton ◽  
C. M. Holloway
Keyword(s):  
Serial Recall ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Suffix Effect ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Auditory Presentation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Stimulus List ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Immediate Serial Recall ◽  
Selective Increase

Three experiments are reported involving the presentation of lists of either letters or digits for immediate serial recall. The main variable was the presence or absence of a suffix-prefix, an item (tick or cross) occurring at the end of the list which had to be copied before recall of the stimulus list. With auditory stimuli and an auditory suffix-prefix there was a large and selective increase in the number of errors on the last few serial positions—the typical “suffix effect”. The suffix effect was not found with auditory stimuli and a visual suffix-prefix nor with a visual stimulus and an auditory suffix-prefix. These results are interpreted as supporting a model for short-term memory proposed by Crowder and Morton (1969) in which it is suggested that with serial recall information concerning the final items following auditory presentation has a different, precategorical, origin from that concerning other items.

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