Sounds of Power and Deference: Acoustic Analysis of Macro Social Constraints on Micro Interaction

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanford W. Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Acoustic Energy ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Sociology Of Emotions ◽  
Interaction Ritual ◽  
Dual Channel ◽  
Interaction Partners ◽  
Nonverbal Measures ◽  
Spectrum Model

In Goffman's introduction to Interaction Ritual, he implores sociologists “to identify the countless patterns and natural sequences of behavior occurring whenever persons come into one another's immediate presence.” This article, in addressing Goffman's entreaty, amalgamates a number of sociological theories on interaction ritual from Durkheim and Goffman with others in contemporary literatures in the sociology of emotions and social psychology to describe a set of “patterns and natural sequences of behavior” imbedded in voices of interaction partners. These patterns are shown to establish an element of social structure, and this research describes an objective method of identifying and measuring this element that previously was known on a qualitative basis alone. A social status ordering pattern founded upon interpersonal deference and power relations is identified through analysis of acoustic energy levels in voices of interview partners. Nonverbal measures are performed using a dual-channel Fast Fourier Transform analyzer and results are explained using a carrier spectrum model. This report sets forth an interesting new way of objectively measuring the macro social constraints on micro interaction.

scholarly journals Sound Waves At Work

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (03) ◽  
pp. 80-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Ashley
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Chemical Process ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Acoustic Energy ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Power Generators ◽  
Air Conditioners ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Component Supplier

Researchers have devised a new technique to use sound waves, opening the way for simple acoustic compressors, speedy chemical-process reactors, and clean electric-power generators. MacroSonix Corp. in Richmond, Vermont, has developed a technique by which standing sound waves resonating in specially shaped closed cavities can be loaded with thousands of times more energy than was previously possible. Company’s wave-shaping technology is known as resonant macrosonic synthesis (RMS). With some clever engineering, he said, the elevated acoustic-energy levels produced using RMS can be tapped for a wide range of industrial applications, including simplified compressors, pumps, speedy chemical-process reactors, and clean electric-power generators. MacroSonix has already licensed the RMS technology to a large appliance manufacturer to develop acoustic compressors for home refrigerators and air conditioners. MacroSonix has demonstrated the ability to produce high-pressure amplitudes inside resonator cavities. The MacroSonix technology relates to pressure waves in gases, which tend to be nonlinear in behavior. MacroSonix is working on a new licensing deal for an RMS air compressor and another with an electronic-component supplier. The company would like to enter larger research consortia with private, university, or government research labs to explore the RMS electric-power-generation concept.

scholarly journals A Methodology for Assessment of Wind Turbine Noise Generation

1982 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. Kelley ◽  
R. R. Hemphill ◽  
H. E. McKenna
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Joint Probability ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Acoustic Energy ◽  
Wind Turbine Noise ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Large Wind

The detailed analysis of a series of acoustic measurements taken near several large wind turbines (100 kW and above) has identified the maximum acoustic energy as being concentrated in the low-frequency audible and subaudible ranges, usually less than 100 Hz. These measurements have also shown any reported community annoyance associated with turbine operations has often been related to the degree of coherent impulsiveness present and the subsequent harmonic coupling of acoustic energy to residential structures. Thus, one technique to assess the annoyance potential of a given wind turbine design is to develop a method which quantifies this degree of impulsiveness or coherency in the radiated acoustic energy spectrum under a wide range of operating conditions. Experience has also shown the presence of annoying conditions is highly time dependent and nonstationary, and, therefore, any attempts to quantify or at least classify wind turbine designs in terms of their noise annoyance potential must be handled within the proper probabilistic framework. A technique is described which employs multidimensional, joint probability analysis to establish the expected coincidence of acoustic energy levels in a contiguous sequence of octave frequency bands which have been chosen because of their relationship to common structural resonant frequencies in residential buildings. Evidence is presented to justify the choice of these particular bands. Comparisons of the acoustic performance and an estimate of the annoyance potential of several large wind turbine designs using this technique is also discussed.

Drying of a Low Porosity Product (Carrot) as Affected by Power Ultrasound

2008 ◽  
Vol 273-276 ◽  
pp. 764-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.V. García-Pérez ◽  
J.A. Cárcel ◽  
J. Benedito ◽  
E. Riera ◽  
A. Mulet
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Ultrasonic Transducer ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Drying Kinetics ◽  
Acoustic Energy ◽  
Convective Drying ◽  
Power Ultrasound ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Low Porosity

The main aim of this work was to assess the influence of power ultrasound on mass transfer process during convective drying of a low porosity product submitted to different acoustic energy levels. Drying kinetics of carrot cubes (side 8.5 mm) were carried out at 40 °C and 1 m/s applying different electric power levels to the ultrasonic transducer: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 W. Drying kinetics were modelled considering the diffusion theory. From the results, a significant (p<0.05) influence of power ultrasound application on drying kinetics of carrot cubes was found. Drying rate increased as the electric power applied got higher. The influence was only observed above an acoustic energy threshold, which corresponded to an electric power applied to the transducer of 20-30 W. From this threshold, a linear relationship was found between the average effective moisture diffusivity or the mass transfer coefficient and the electric power applied to the transducer.

scholarly journals THERMODYNAMIC AND ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS OF THE SOLID FUEL PULSATING COMBUSTION IN A HELMHOLTZ RESONATOR TYPE DEVICE

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 141-147
Author(s):  
E. V. Semenova ◽  
V. M. Larionov ◽  
Yu. V. Vankov
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Solid Fuel ◽  
Combustion Zone ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Helmholtz Resonator ◽  
Acoustic Energy ◽  
Acoustic Oscillations ◽  
Type Device

One of the perspective applications of pulsating combustion is the utilization of industrial waste. There is a mathematical model and the results of calculating the frequency and amplitude of acoustic gas oscillations in a Helmholtz resonator type device using solid fuel. In this paper, pulsating combustion is considered as a result of the interaction of acoustic oscillations with the process of heat release in the combustion zone. It is shown that the frequency and amplitude of gas oscillations, the amplitude and phase of the heat release rate pulsations, the acoustic energy generated in the combustion zone are interrelated quantities.

The Peripheral Hearing Mechanism: A Biochemical and Biological Approach

1976 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lionel Naftalin
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Acoustic Energy ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Tectorial Membrane ◽  
Solid State Physics ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Semi Solid

A new approach is described to the problem of hearing at energy levels near threshold. Models depending on the macro-physics of levers are rejected. Instead, evidence is presented for frequency analysis, signal placement and energy transduction by the properties (known or experimentally determined) of the cochlea and of the structures within the scala media. The hypothesis developed rests on the established theorems of Gabor and Brillouin, and at the same time is based on the data of enzymology. Care is taken not only that the hypothesis does not conflict but that it is actually consonant with recent solid state physics. The cochlea by virtue of its internal geometry and contained column of fluid is considered to perform a Fourier analysis to a first approximation. This crude “placement” of the acoustic signal is refined by the semi-solid-state lattice of the tectorial membrane which far from permitting dissipation of the signal energy actually “concentrates” the energy at the membrane surface of the hair processes of a hair cell. Here biochemical transduction, akin to the processes known for other sensory cells, transforms acoustic energy through an ion-shuttling mechanism to the form of energy characteristic of living cells, viz. enzyme conformational changes.

The Sociology of Emotions: Basic Theoretical Arguments

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan H. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Emotional States ◽  
Symbolic Interactionist ◽  
Sociology Of Emotions ◽  
Interaction Ritual ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
Human Emotions ◽  
Sociological Approaches ◽  
The Relationship

In this article, the basic sociological approaches to theorizing human emotions are reviewed. In broad strokes, theorizing can be grouped into several schools of thought: evolutionary, symbolic interactionist, symbolic interactionist with psychoanalytic elements, interaction ritual, power and status, stratification, and exchange. All of these approaches to theorizing emotions have generated useful insights into the dynamics of emotions. There remain, however, unresolved issues in sociological approaches to emotions, including: the nature of emotions, the degree to which emotions are hard-wired neurological or socially constructed, the relevance of analyzing the biology and evolution of emotions, the relationship between cognition and emotions, the number of distinctive emotional states produced by humans, and the relationship between emotions and rationality.

Acoustic characterization of fracture permeability at Chalk River, Ontario

1983 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 468-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick L. Paillet
Keyword(s):  
Wave Amplitude ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Wave Attenuation ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Wave Mode ◽  
Acoustic Energy ◽  
Shear Mode ◽  
Fracture Permeability ◽  
Keywords Fracture ◽  
Tube Wave

This study was undertaken to test recently formulated acoustic-analysis methods for fracture interpretation. The study area was selected because surface outcrops of igneous and metamorphic rocks have numerous, interconnected fractures and major lithology changes. In-situ acoustic-refraction data were obtained by digitally recording the entire pressure signal received by a conventional acoustic borehole logging system. The acoustic energy source had a centerband frequency of 34 kHz, and data were obtained at 60 and 90 cm source/receiver spacing. Borehole geometry produces waveforms with strong shear arrivals and high amplitudes associated with the fundamental guided fluid mode known as the tube wave. Waveforms refracted across fractures that are open on the borehole have shear mode excitation and tube-wave attenuation effects similar to previously described effects for isolated fractures in very uniform lithologies. Independent permeability data for the Chalk River boreholes are available in the form of effective-fracture apertures determined by straddle packer isolation and injection tests. The best correlation between the permeabilities measured by packer tests and acoustic data is obtained by integrating the difference between local tube-wave amplitude and an average amplitude from many adjacent stations. This synthetic amplitude-deficit log shows close correlation with zones of large measured permeabilities; however, there are some quantitative differences. These are attributed to: (1) differing radii of investigation, (2) effects of fracture interconnectivity, and (3) drilling damage in highly weathered and fractured zones. The tube-wave-amplitude method also does not seem applicable to depths less than about 50 m where the tube-wave mode is relatively unexcited. Keywords: fracture permeability, borehole acoustics, fracture hydrology.

The Assessment of Nasality with a Nasometer and Sound Spectrography in Patients with Nasal Polyposis

1997 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ki Hwan Hong ◽  
Sam Hyun Kwon ◽  
Sang Sool Jung
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Polyposis ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Sound Intensity ◽  
Acoustic Energy ◽  
Sinus Surgery ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Noninvasive Technique ◽  
Before And After

With the development of computerized acoustic analysis systems, an objective measure of nasal speech has become readily available by means of a simple, noninvasive technique. In this study, we assessed the nasality in patients with multiple nasal polyposis before and after endoscopic sinus surgery. With the nasometer, we measured nasalance, which reflects the ratio of acoustic energy output of nasal sounds from the nasal and oral cavities, and the slope score of the nasogram curve. The nasalance scores of nasal sentences and the slope scores of the nasogram curves for all nasal consonants were significantly lower in patients with nasal polyposis than in healthy subjects. After surgery, however, the nasalance and slope scores increased significantly to the normal range. On the sound spectrographic analysis, the frequencies of the first nasal formant decreased slightly and the sound intensity increased slightly for all nasal consonants after surgery. However, no significant change was noticed in the frequencies of the second nasal formant. In conclusion, nasometric and sound spectrographic analyses are considered to be useful tools for objectively assessing the extent of nasality in patients with nasal airway obstruction.

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