Changes in Bat Species Diversity along an Elevational Gradient up the Peruvian Andes

1983 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Peruvian Andes

scholarly journals Diversity of Wild Bees along Elevational Gradient in an Agricultural Area in Central Java, Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imam Widhiono ◽  
Eming Sudiana ◽  
Darsono Darsono
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Agricultural Area ◽  
Wild Bees ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Wiener Diversity Index ◽  
Pollinator Community ◽  
Study Sites

Increases in mean temperature affect the diversity and abundance of wild bees in agricultural ecosystems. Pollinator community composition is expected to change along an elevational gradient due to differences in the daily ambient temperature. This study investigated the diversity and abundance of wild bees in an agricultural area along an elevational gradient in Central Java, Indonesia. Wild bees were collected using a sweep net in 40 green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivation sampling locations at seven different elevations (8, 108, 224, 424, 644, 893, and 1017 m above sea level). Species diversity was determined using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index. We identified 932 individuals from 8 species of wild bee belonging to 3 families. The family Apidae was predominant, with 6 species, while only 1 species was found from each of Megachilidae and Halictidae. Across the study sites, diversity increased with increasing elevation (H′= 1.4,D= 0.25, andE= 0.78 at low elevation toH′= 2.04,D= 0.13, andE= 0.96 at high elevation), and higher numbers of species were found at middle and high elevations. Species richness and abundance increased linearly with increasing elevation, and species diversity was highest at middle elevations.

scholarly journals Endemism and diversity of small mammals along two neighboring Bornean mountains

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Camacho-Sanchez ◽  
Melissa T.R. Hawkins ◽  
Fred Tuh Yit Yu ◽  
Jesus E. Maldonado ◽  
Jennifer A. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Geometric Constraints ◽  
Local Effects ◽  
Spatial Factors ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Small Mammal Community

Mountains offer replicated units with large biotic and abiotic gradients in a reduced spatial scale. This transforms them into well-suited scenarios to evaluate biogeographic theories. Mountain biogeography is a hot topic of research and many theories have been proposed to describe the changes in biodiversity with elevation. Geometric constraints, which predict the highest diversity to occur in mid-elevations, have been a focal part of this discussion. Despite this, there is no general theory to explain these patterns, probably because of the interaction among different predictors with the local effects of historical factors. We characterize the diversity of small non-volant mammals across the elevational gradient on Mount (Mt.) Kinabalu (4,095 m) and Mt. Tambuyukon (2,579 m), two neighboring mountains in Borneo, Malaysia. We documented a decrease in species richness with elevation which deviates from expectations of the geometric constraints and suggests that spatial factors (e.g., larger diversity in larger areas) are important. The lowland small mammal community was replaced in higher elevations (from above ~1,900 m) with montane communities consisting mainly of high elevation Borneo endemics. The positive correlation we find between elevation and endemism is concordant with a hypothesis that predicts higher endemism with topographical isolation. This supports lineage history and geographic history could be important drivers of species diversity in this region.

scholarly journals The evolutionary assembly of forest communities along environmental gradients: recent diversification or sorting of pre-adapted clades?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander G. Linan ◽  
Jonathan A. Myers ◽  
Christine E. Edwards ◽  
Amy E. Zanne ◽  
Stephen A. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Adaptive Diversification ◽  
Primary Mechanism ◽  
Tree Communities ◽  
Phylogenetic Framework ◽  
Ecological Sorting

AbstractHistorical biogeographic events such as mountain orogeny are associated with the creation of environmental gradients, giving rise to the assembly of communities of species observed today. However, key gaps remain in our understanding of the relative importance of different eco-evolutionary processes acting as drivers of community assembly across environmental gradients. In this study, we test two non-exclusive hypotheses of the eco-evolutionary processes that shape tree communities across the Central Andean elevational gradient: Communities are assembled via 1) immigration and ecological sorting of pre-adapted clades, and 2) recent adaptive diversification along the elevational gradient. We used species surveys in the Bolivian and Peruvian Andes and a novel phylogenetic framework to test the relative importance of these hypotheses. Although adaptive diversification has previously been observed in specific clades, immigration and sorting of clades pre-adapted to montane habitats is the primary mechanism shaping communities across elevations.

scholarly journals Dimensions of passerine biodiversity along an elevational gradient: a nexus for historical biogeography and contemporary ecology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin R. Burgio ◽  
Steven J. Presley ◽  
Laura M. Cisneros ◽  
Katie E. Davis ◽  
Lindsay M. Dreiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Elevation Gradient ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Historical Biogeography ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Functional Biodiversity ◽  
Elevational Gradients ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Peruvian Andes

ABSTRACTAimThe incorporation of functional and phylogenetic information is necessary to comprehensively characterize spatial patterns of biodiversity and to evaluate the relative importance of ecological and evolutionary mechanisms in molding such patterns. We evaluated the relative importance of mechanisms that shape passerine biodiversity along an extensive elevational gradient.LocationManu Biosphere Reserve in the Peruvian AndesTaxonSongbirds (order Passeriformes)MethodsWe quantified elevational gradients of species richness, phylogenetic biodiversity, and functional biodiversity for all passerines as well as separately for suboscines and oscines; determined if phylogenetic or functional biodiversity was consistent with random selection or if there was evidence of particular mechanisms dominating community assembly; and compared patterns for each dimension of biodiversity for the two suborders.ResultsFor all passerines and for suboscines, species richness decreased in a saturating fashion, phylogenetic biodiversity declined linearly, and functional biodiversity was stochastic along the elevation gradient. For oscines, species richness and phylogenetic biodiversity decreased linearly, and functional biodiversity decreased in a saturating fashion.Main conclusionsElevational gradients of biodiversity at Manu result from a combination of adaptations associated with radiations that occurred elsewhere (suboscines in Amazonian lowlands, oscines in colder climes of North America) and an in situ radiation in the Andes (tanagers). Our results suggest a combination of temperature-related physiological constraints and a reduction in functional redundancy associated with decreasing resource abundance at higher elevations molded the passerine assemblages along this elevational gradient. Explicit consideration of historical biogeography and conservatism of ancestral niches is necessary to comprehensively understand the mechanisms that mold gradients of biodiversity.

scholarly journals A genome-wide assessment of stages of elevational parapatry in Bornean passerine birds reveals no introgression: implications for processes and patterns of speciation

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Moyle ◽  
Joseph D. Manthey ◽  
Peter A. Hosner ◽  
Mustafa Rahman ◽  
Maklarin Lakim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Secondary Contact ◽  
Elevational Gradients ◽  
Reduced Representation ◽  
Allopatric Species ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Elevational Range

Topographically complex regions often contain the close juxtaposition of closely related species along elevational gradients. The evolutionary causes of these elevational replacements, and thus the origin and maintenance of a large portion of species diversity along elevational gradients, are usually unclear because ecological differentiation along a gradient or secondary contact following allopatric diversification can produce the same pattern. We used reduced representation genomic sequencing to assess genetic relationships and gene flow between three parapatric pairs of closely related songbird taxa (Arachnothera spiderhunters, Chloropsis leafbirds, and Enicurus forktails) along an elevational gradient in Borneo. Each taxon pair presents a different elevational range distribution across the island, yet results were uniform: little or no gene flow was detected in any pairwise comparisons. These results are congruent with an allopatric “species-pump” model for generation of species diversity and elevational parapatry of congeners on Borneo, rather than in situ generation of species by “ecological speciation” along an elevational gradient.

Decline in lizard species diversity, abundance and ectoparasite load across an elevational gradient in the Australian alps

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katelyn Hamilton ◽  
Celine T. Goulet ◽  
Emily M. Drummond ◽  
Anna F. Senior ◽  
Mellesa Schroder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Australian Alps ◽  
Ectoparasite Load
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