Atypical Mouth Shape of Polyps of the Jellyfish, Aurelia aurita, from Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, and Gulf of Mexico

1974 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinaldo Morales-Alamo ◽  
Dexter S. Haven
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Delaware Bay ◽  
Aurelia Aurita

Biology, Management, and Protection of North American Sturgeon

2002 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Hudson River ◽  
Delaware Bay ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Atlantic Sturgeon ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Abundance Estimate ◽  
Abundance Estimates

<em>Abstract.</em>—This paper analyzes historical abundances of spawning stocks of Atlantic sturgeon <em>Acipenser oxyrinchus</em> during the late nineteenth century, when peak United States harvest of Atlantic sturgeon occurred (3,200 metric tons in 1888). The advent of preparation methods for caviar, transportation networks that allowed export of caviar to Europe, improvements in fishing technology, and development of a domestic smoked sturgeon market caused rapid emergence of an Atlantic sturgeon industry after the Civil War. The industry originated and was centered in the Delaware Bay, which supported the most abundant population on the U.S. East Coast. Important fisheries also developed in the Chesapeake Bay, the Carolinas, and Georgia. Caviar was the principal marketable product of the fishery and large females were targeted, resulting in fisheries collapse at the turn of the century. No substantial resurgence of Atlantic sturgeon landings has occurred in the twentieth century. A previous analysis of U.S. Fish Commission catch and effort records for the Delaware Bay fishery provided an estimate of 180,000 females prior to 1890. The Delaware Bay abundance estimate was extrapolated to other states by calculating the mean level of each state’s contribution to U.S. yields during the period 1880–1901. This approach led to abundance estimates of 29,000 for the Southern States (North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida), 20,000 for the Chesapeake Bay (Maryland, Virginia), 180,000 for the Delaware Bay, and 6,000 for the Hudson River (New York). Although the approaches used to estimate historical biomass and abundance contain untested assumptions and biases, the dominance of the Delaware Bay population in comparison to others is in part confirmed by the industry that developed there. Given the uncertainty in abundance estimates, conservative benchmarks are proposed of 10,000 females each, for systems that previously supported important fisheries.

Liebig’s Law and Haber’s Tragedy

Dead Zones ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 89-105
Author(s):  
David L. Kirchman
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Oxygen Depletion ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Limiting Nutrient ◽  
Von Liebig ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Fritz Haber

The fertilizers commonly used by gardeners have many ingredients, but the biggest two are nitrogen and phosphorus, either of which can limit plant and algal growth. The idea that only one nutrient limits growth is encapsulated by Liebig’s Law of the Minimum, named after Justus von Liebig, a 19th-century German chemist. Liebig is also called the “father of fertilizer” because of his work on formulating and promulgating commercial fertilizers. However, he wasn’t the first to discover the Law, and he was wrong about the most important ingredient of fertilizers. This chapter outlines the arguments among limnologists, oceanographers, and geochemists about whether nitrogen or phosphorus sets the rate of algal growth and thus production of the organic material that drives oxygen depletion. The chapter discusses that the limiting nutrient varies with the type of aquatic habitat. In dead zones like the Gulf of Mexico, parts of the Baltic Sea, and Chesapeake Bay, bioassay experiments have shown that nitrogen is usually limiting. The nitrogen necessary for fertilizer and ammunitions comes from the Haber-Bosch process. The chapter reviews the life of one of the two German inventors, Fritz Haber, and how it was full of contradictions if not tragedy.

Two new species of Cerapus (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Ischyroceridae) from the Northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4441 (3) ◽  
pp. 495
Author(s):  
DAVID T. DRUMM
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New Species ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Delaware Bay ◽  
The Other ◽  
Northwest Atlantic ◽  
Great South Bay ◽  
Two New Species

Examination of material from the Northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico revealed the presence of two new species of the amphipod genus Cerapus. One of the species occurs in the NW Atlantic (Delaware Bay and Great South Bay, New York) and the other species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico (Manatee River, Florida and Corpus Christie Bay, Texas). They can be distinguished from congeners by a combination of characters: number of antennular flagella articles, position of the male gnathopod 2 carpal process, shape of the inner ramus of pleopod 2, presence of a distoventral hook on the uropod 1 peduncle of the male, and the nature of the pereopod 7 spination/setation. They can be distinguished from each other by the number of antennular flagella articles in the female and in overall body size. 

The Wiccomiss Indians of Maryland

1938 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-152
Author(s):  
William B. Marye
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Delaware Bay ◽  
Eastern Shore ◽  
Freshwater Streams ◽  
Tidal Rivers

That part of Maryland which lies east of the Chesapeake Bay has always, since the founding of the colony (1634), been known as the Eastern Shore; so, too, the Eastern Shore of Virginia. Most of it is a flat country of tidal rivers occupying “drowned valleys” into the heads of which flow sluggish freshwater streams. A low divide, or height of land, separates streams emptying into the Chespeake from streams flowing into the sounds of the Atlantic Ocean, or into Delaware Bay.

scholarly journals PRIMEROS REGISTROS DE MEDUSAS (CUBOZOA, SCYPHOZOA), SIFONÓFOROS (HYDROZOA) Y CTENÓFOROS (TENTACULATA) DEL SISTEMA ARRECIFAL LOBOS-TUXPAN, MÉXICO

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Vicencio De La Cruz -Francisco ◽  
Liliana Flores -Galicia
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Aurelia Aurita ◽  
Mnemiopsis Leidyi ◽  
Trophic Chain ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Reef System ◽  
The North ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
First Time ◽  
Physalia Physalis

RESUMEN. Medusas, sifonóforos y ctenóforos son organismos ecológicamente importantes por su papel como depredadores voraces en la cadena trófica, ya que en altas densidades ocasionan problemas económicos. En las costas mexicanas del Golfo de México existe conocimiento de la riqueza taxonómica de estos animales macrozooplanctónicos, pero aún se desconoce qué especies se encuentran en los arrecifes coralinos del norte de Veracruz. Este estudio presenta los primeros registros de este grupo para el Sistema Arrecifal Lobos-Tuxpan. Se identificaron tres especies de medusas, un sifonóforo y dos especies de ctenóforos a partir de registros fotográficos obtenidos en los arrecifes Tuxpan, Enmedio, Tanhuijo, Oro Verde y Lobos. El taxón Cyanea sp. se registra por primera vez para el suroeste del Golfo de México y Cestum veneris es nuevo registro para el litoral veracruzano. Las especies Aurelia aurita (medusa), Physalia physalis (sifonóforo) y Mnemiopsis leidyi (ctenóforo) se observaron en la mayoría de los arrecifes estudiados. La información aquí presentada puede ser útil para el sector turístico al evitar las medusas y sifonóforos que son tóxicos.First records of jellyfish (Cubozoa, Scyphozoa), Siphonophores (Hydrozoa), and Ctenophores (Tentaculata) of the Lobos-Tuxpan Reef System, MexicoABSTRACT. Jellyfish, siphonophores and ctenophores are ecologically important organisms due to their role as voracious predators in the trophic chain, which in high densities may cause economic problems. There is knowledge of the taxonomic wealth of these macrozooplanktonic animals in the Mexican coasts of the Gulf of Mexico, but it is still unknown what species are found in the coral reefs from the north of Veracruz. This study presents the first records of this group for the Lobos-Tuxpan Reef System. Three species of jellyfish, one siphonophore and two ctenophores, were identified through photographic records belonging to the Tuxpan, Enmedio, Tanhuijo, Oro Verde and Lobos reefs. For the first time, the species Cyanea sp. for the South-West of the Gulf of Mexico and Cestum veneris for the Veracruz coast are recorded. The species Aurelia aurita (jellyfish), Physalia physalis (siphonophore) and Mnemiopsis leidyi (ctenephore) were observed in most of the studied reefs. The information provided here may be useful in the tourist sector to avoid toxic jellyfish and siphonophores.

scholarly journals Uncultivated Viral Populations Dominate Estuarine Viromes on the Spatiotemporal Scale

mSystems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengqi Sun ◽  
Yuanchao Zhan ◽  
David Marsan ◽  
David Páez-Espino ◽  
Lanlan Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Delaware Bay ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Spatiotemporal Pattern ◽  
Single Molecule Sequencing ◽  
Viral Community ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Viral Sequences

ABSTRACT Viruses are ubiquitous and abundant in the oceans, and viral metagenomes (viromes) have been investigated extensively via several large-scale ocean sequencing projects. However, there have not been any systematic viromic studies in estuaries. Here, we investigated the viromes of the Delaware Bay and Chesapeake Bay, two Mid-Atlantic estuaries. Deep sequencing generated a total of 48,190 assembled viral sequences (>5 kb) and 26,487 viral populations (9,204 virus clusters and 17,845 singletons), including 319 circular viral contigs between 7.5 kb and 161.8 kb. Unknown viruses represented the vast majority of the dominant populations, while the composition of known viruses, such as pelagiphage and cyanophage, appeared to be relatively consistent across a wide range of salinity gradients and in different seasons. A difference between estuarine and ocean viromes was reflected by the proportions of Myoviridae, Podoviridae, Siphoviridae, Phycodnaviridae, and a few well-studied virus representatives. The difference in viral community between the Delaware Bay and Chesapeake Bay is significantly more pronounced than the difference caused by temperature or salinity, indicating strong local profiles caused by the unique ecology of each estuary. Interestingly, a viral contig similar to phages infecting Acinetobacter baumannii (“Iraqibacter”) was found to be highly abundant in the Delaware Bay but not in the Chesapeake Bay, the source of which is yet to be identified. Highly abundant viruses in both estuaries have close hits to viral sequences derived from the marine single-cell genomes or long-read single-molecule sequencing, suggesting that important viruses are still waiting to be discovered in the estuarine environment. IMPORTANCE This is the first systematic study about spatial and temporal variation of virioplankton communities in estuaries using deep metagenomics sequencing. It is among the highest-quality viromic data sets to date, showing remarkably consistent sequencing depth and quality across samples. Our results indicate that there exists a large pool of abundant and diverse viruses in estuaries that have not yet been cultivated, their genomes only available thanks to single-cell genomics or single-molecule sequencing, demonstrating the importance of these methods for viral discovery. The spatiotemporal pattern of these abundant uncultivated viruses is more variable than that of cultured viruses. Despite strong environmental gradients, season and location had surprisingly little impact on the viral community within an estuary, but we saw a significant distinction between the two estuaries and also between estuarine and open ocean viromes.

The allometry of oysters: spatial and temporal variation in the length–biomass relationships for Crassostrea virginica

2015 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 1127-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric N. Powell ◽  
Roger Mann ◽  
Kathryn A. Ashton-Alcox ◽  
Yungkul Kim ◽  
David Bushek
Keyword(s):  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Crassostrea Virginica ◽  
Eastern Oyster ◽  
Delaware Bay ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Galveston Bay ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Scaling Exponents ◽  
Carbonate Production ◽  
Mussel Watch

We examine the relationship of biomass B and length L in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica by focusing on the scaling exponent b in the allometric equation B = aLb using four datasets: Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay, Galveston Bay and a regionally extensive compilation from the NOAA Mussel Watch Program. The average value of the scaling exponent in Delaware Bay and Chesapeake Bay is about 2. For Galveston Bay, the value is distinctly higher, near 2.6. Over all Mussel Watch sites, the value is again near 2. Within Delaware Bay, the salinity gradient exerts an important effect. Shells are longer for their meat weight at lower salinities. The range of scaling exponents revealed by Mussel Watch data is exceedingly large (b < 1 to >3). Scaling exponents below 2.5 are unusual in bivalves. Among bivalves, only other oyster taxa have comparably low scaling exponents averaging near 2. We propose that oyster biomass routinely scales nearer the square of the length rather than the cube and that this is a constraint imposed by the exigency of carbonate production for reef maintenance and accretion in the face of high rates of taphonomic degradation. The adaptation as a reef builder requires the formation of carbonate that rapidly breaks down, thus requiring that carbonate produced be maximized. A biomass-to-length scaling exponent of 2 provides a mechanism to maximize shell production relative to biomass, while at the same time providing maximum surface area for the all-important settling of oyster spat to maintain the population.

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