Constitutional Law. Personal Rights: Religious. Use of Public School Facilities for Sectarian Instruction Held Unconstitutional under the First Amendment

Abstract We examine how funding for public school facilities varies with school district property wealth and household income. Using data on school facility (i.e., capital) funding in California from fiscal years 1986-87 to 2015-16, we find that funding for school construction and modernization varies widely across districts. Disparities in funding are driven primarily by inter-district differences in property wealth with the highest property wealth districts raising significantly more funding for school facilities. Assessed value per-pupil in California is also negatively correlated with the share of disadvantaged students and students of color. As a result, school facility funding tends to be substantially lower in districts with the highest concentrations of disadvantaged students and students of color.

Download Full-text

Constitutional Law. Personal Rights: Civil. State Court's Award of Damages for Breach of Racial Restrictive Covenant Does Not Violate Fourteenth Amendment

Harvard Law Review ◽

10.2307/1336064 ◽

1950 ◽

Vol 63 (6) ◽

pp. 1062

Keyword(s):

Constitutional Law ◽

Fourteenth Amendment ◽

Civil State ◽

Personal Rights

Download Full-text

Constitutional Law: Twenty-First Amendment and Its Effect on the Commerce Clause and Equal Protection Clause as Applied to Liquor

Michigan Law Review ◽

10.2307/1282430 ◽

1937 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 1006

Author(s):

William Stout Gordon

Keyword(s):

First Amendment ◽

Constitutional Law ◽

Equal Protection ◽

Equal Protection Clause ◽

Commerce Clause

Download Full-text

Assessment of factors affecting maintenance cost of public school facilities

International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation ◽

10.1108/ijbpa-02-2019-0019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (5) ◽

pp. 528-546

Author(s):

Mohammad A. Hassanain ◽

Mohammad Al-Zahrani ◽

Abdullatif Abdallah ◽

Ahmed M.Z. Sayed

Keyword(s):

Public School ◽

Cost Effective ◽

School Facilities ◽

Maintenance Cost ◽

Design Phase ◽

Effective School ◽

Content Type ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Importance Index ◽

Operations And Maintenance

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify and assess the significance of various factors affecting maintenance costs of public school facilities. Design/methodology/approach Detailed literature review resulted in identifying 54 factors that were categorized under nine groups. This was followed by a questionnaire survey completed by 60 experienced professionals. The relative importance index was used to determine the in-group ranking, as well as the overall ranking of these factors. Findings The study established that the five most significant factors affecting the maintenance cost of public school facilities were “not providing operations and maintenance manuals to maintenance group” in the “construction phase” category, “ignoring maintainability studies in design” in the “design phase” category, “specification of low-quality materials” in the “design phase” category, “selection criteria of contractors” in the “regulations and contracting” category, and “lack of quality control during work execution” in the “construction phase” category. Originality/value The present research represents the first research covering the maintenance cost of public school facilities in Saudi Arabia. The study also presents the unique landscape of facility maintenance in the Saudi Arabian context. The outcome of this research has the potential to significantly cut down unnecessary costs rooted in expensive maintenance of public school facilities, enhancing the quality of these facilities. The findings also underscore the necessity of collaboration and coordination of the various key disciplines toward the realization of cost-effective school facilities.

Download Full-text