The Possibility of Producing Useful Proficiency Tests in English*

Henry S. Dyer

doi:10.2307/1261222

The Possibility of Producing Useful Proficiency Tests in English*

PMLA ◽

10.2307/1261222 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 81 (2) ◽

pp. 24-29

Author(s):

Henry S. Dyer

Keyword(s):

Real Estate ◽

Western World ◽

Proficiency Tests ◽

University Professors ◽

Public Office ◽

Essential Step ◽

Ancient Lineage ◽

Normal Requirement ◽

Medieval Universities

To begin at the beginning, proficiency tests, like paper, printing, and gunpowder, were invented by the Chinese. As early as 2200 B.C. the emperor of China was using tests to decide which of his officials should be promoted and which should be fired. A thousand years later the Chan dynasty had developed a series of examinations in which every candidate for public office demonstrated his competence in the five basic arts: music, archery, horsemanship, writing, and arithmetic. Tests for teachers arrived in the Western world with the establishment of the medieval universities. The probationary discourse was the essential step by which a student proved himself fit for membership in the tightly held guild of university professors. Today tests are a normal requirement for admission to the practice of law and medicine, not to mention barbering, the selling of real estate, and the calculation of insurance risks. Both the pervasiveness and the ancient lineage of proficiency tests argue for the possibility that they are producible and for the probability that they are useful.

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Aristocracy, Family, and Property

Melania the Younger ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190888220.003.0003 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 39-60

Author(s):

Elizabeth A. Clark

Keyword(s):

Real Estate ◽

Ancient Rome ◽

Inheritance Law ◽

Roman Provinces ◽

The Family ◽

Western Government ◽

Ancient Lineage ◽

The City ◽

Family Trees

Chapter 3 describes the senatorial aristocracy of Rome and divisions within its ranks. Even after the seat of western government left the city for safer territory, its aristocrats retained their pride of place. When Constantine founded Constantinople as his capital in the East, an entire senatorial aristocracy was created for it, although its members could not claim the ancient lineage and traditions of their Roman counterparts. The chapter details senatorial wealth, including that of Melania and Pinian. It explores the diverse meanings of “family” in ancient Rome and relevant inheritance law. It traces the family trees of Melania and Pinian and their extensive real estate—mansions, villas, and agricultural properties, spread across eight Roman provinces. It analyzes the fraught question of whether an excavated palace on Rome’s Caelian Hill was Melania and Pinian’s, and its probable fate.

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Conflict Detection in the Ownership Documents and Procedure to Deal with It

Journal of Politics and Law ◽

10.5539/jpl.v10n2p169 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 169

Author(s):

Alireza Hasani ◽

Zahra Nouri

Keyword(s):

Real Estate ◽

Islamic Law ◽

Conflict Detection ◽

Public Office ◽

Official Document ◽

The Real Estate ◽

Supreme Council ◽

The Law ◽

Notary Public ◽

The Government

This research is procedure of dealing with adverse ownership documents that research method is analytical and library and descriptive and has been collected by relying on the texts of laws and procedures and circulars, articles, researches, and books that have been published on this subject and as well as experimental observations of the author. Reference to adjust and register contracts and ownership documents are notary public offices in accordance with Article one of a law of notary public offices approved 25 July 1977. Registration offices as higher than the reference of notary public offices have had a major and fundamental role in issuing ownership documents in accordance with provisions of the law the Real Estate Registration approved in 1931, as in accordance with Article 22 of law of Real Estate Registration as soon as the land property was registered in a notary public office, the government will know only a person as an owner who the land property has been registered in his/her name or a person who mentioned land property has been transferred to him/her and this transfer has been registered in a notary public office or the mentioned land property is reached from formal owner for him/her by inheritance. With increasing population growth, the differences have been achieved and courts of Iran have been encountered for years with the problem of litigation arising from the way of transfer of immovable land property. Islamic law has allowed this transition only with the agreement of two people, but the text of the law of registration has created this suspicion that the transfer must be done by an official document. It has been tried in this research that we examine the conditions of meeting the conflict of land property and conflict detection in ownership documents and we explain the role of court in addressing the adverse estates and administrative penalties for offenders with the duties of the Supreme Council for Registration.

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Multislice calculations for quasi-periodic and non-periodic objects

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100173820 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 138-139

Author(s):

R. Herrera ◽

A. Gómez

Keyword(s):

Electron Diffraction ◽

Computer Simulations ◽

Periodic Table ◽

Amorphous Materials ◽

Space Group ◽

Essential Step ◽

Shape Effects ◽

Atomic Scattering ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Periodic Continuation

Computer simulations of electron diffraction patterns and images are an essential step in the process of structure and/or defect elucidation. So far most programs are designed to deal specifically with crystals, requiring frequently the space group as imput parameter. In such programs the deviations from perfect periodicity are dealt with by means of “periodic continuation”.However, for many applications involving amorphous materials, quasiperiodic materials or simply crystals with defects (including finite shape effects) it is convenient to have an algorithm capable of handling non-periodicity. Our program “HeGo” is an implementation of the well known multislice equations in which no periodicity assumption is made whatsoever. The salient features of our implementation are: 1) We made Gaussian fits to the atomic scattering factors for electrons covering the whole periodic table and the ranges [0-2]Å−1 and [2-6]Å−1.

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