The Relation of the Flow of Population to the Problem of Rural and Urban Economic Inequality

1930 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 427 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Rutledge
Keyword(s):  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Urban Economic ◽  
Rural And Urban

scholarly journals The economic development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
efi rahmadhani
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
National Development ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Economic growth essentially aims to improve the welfare of the community, so that increased economic growth is needed and more equitable income distribution. However, if the growth is followed by an improvement in income distribution, it will be difficult to create prosperity for the community in general, because the income distribution is uneven or does not run smoothly, so that it will automatically disrupt the Indonesian economy, and will be in poverty.But the high level of economic inequality in Indonesia has resulted in low income groups unable to access basic needs and services such as food, health and education. This can adversely affect the community and slow down the human development process, as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI). Sources of economic inequality, especially in Indonesia, are due to the implementation of the economic system of capitalism, differences in natural resource content, market fundamentalism that encourage rich people to reap the biggest profits from economic growth, increased political capture, gender inequality, low wages lifting itself from poverty, inequality of access between rural and urban areas to infrastructure, a taxation system that fails to play an important role in distributing income.One of the country's efforts to reduce inequality between regions or regions is of course through equitable development in the regions. This is related to regional development, where regional development is an integral part of national development. Thus, it is expected that the results of development will be distributed and allocated to regional levels.

scholarly journals A Decomposition of Differences in Concentration Indices: With an Application to Socio-economic Inequality in Over-nutrition in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiaki Aizawa
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Parametric Method ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Statistical Property ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Concentration Indices

Abstract Background: This paper proposes a new semi-parametric method to decompose the differences between two concentration indices. Statistical property of copulas is used to model dependence between health and socioeconomic status. The proposed methods are applied to differences in socio-economic inequality in over-nutrition between rural and urban areas in India, along with existing decomposition Methods: Taking advantage of the statistical property of copulas, we first decompose the observed differences into the part which is due to the differences in the dependence structures (the dependence effect) and the other part due to the differences in the marginal distributions of health (the health effect). Next, we decompose both effects further into parts explained by differences in the covariates in the model and the part that cannot be explained by them.Results: The results show that the difference in the proportion of Hindus and the proportion of households that use safe cooking fuel contribute the most to the observed differences. Conclusions: Comparison among different approaches suggests that the identifying assumptions play substantial roles in the decomposition analysis.

Poverty, Economic Inequality and Polarization: A District-Wise Analysis of Maharashtra

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 420-440
Author(s):  
Kritika Sen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Inequality ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Reference Period ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Urban Sector ◽  
Consumer Expenditure Survey ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Poverty And Inequality

This article presents a new set of poverty, economic inequality and polarization estimates for all districts of Maharashtra based on the Modified Mixed Recall Period (MMRP) estimates of consumption expenditure from the National Sample Survey (NSS) Consumer Expenditure survey rounds 66th (2009–2010) and 68th (2011–2012). The broad picture emerging from these revised estimates is that poverty has declined during the reference period in rural as well urban sectors. However, perceptible differences between rural and urban sectors in all measures of poverty were identified along with a disaggregated study of the districts where the magnitude of poverty and inequality has been alarming and needs policy attention. The pattern of clustering of population around poles defined by MPCE has been studied by employing indices of polarization. These indicate that polarization has increased in rural sector and decreased in urban sector over the reference period.

scholarly journals An Intersectional Analysis of the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failures in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabu K Ulahannan ◽  
Yogish Channa Basappa ◽  
Sangeetha V Joice ◽  
Prashanth N Srini
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Child Undernutrition ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background: Nutritional inequality in India has been estimated typically using stunting, wasting and underweight separately which hide the overall magnitude and severity of undernutrition. We used the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) that combines all three forms of anthropometric failures to assess the severity of undernutrition and identify the most vulnerable social groups and geographical hotspots.Method: CIAF was constructed using child anthropometric data from the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4, 2015-16). We considered 24 intersecting sub-groups based on intersections across four main axes of inequality i.e., caste [Scheduled Tribe (ST), Scheduled Caste (SC) and Other], economic position (poor and non-poor), place of residence (rural and urban) and gender (male and female) (eg. ST-Poor-Rural-Female). Cross-tabulation and logistic regression were done to assess the odds of CIAF among intersecting groups and to identify the most vulnerable sub-groups. Concentration curve was plotted to visualise economic inequality in child undernutrition across caste categories. Choropleth maps were constructed and descriptive analysis of the district-level prevalence of CIAF was performed to identify the geographic clustering of undernutrition.Results: Overall 55.1% of children were undernourished by CIAF and 6.7% of children have simultaneous three anthropometric failure. In sub-group analysis, children from ST and SC caste have a higher risk of undernutrition irrespective of other axis of inequality. The typical urban advantage is reversed among the children from poor SC and other-caste in most sub-groups. Compared with CIAF, socio-economic inequality was amplified for simultaneous-three-failures among all caste categories. Socio-economic inequalities within caste are more for other caste and SC categories than with ST. Based on the analysis of the high prevalence in the co-occurrence of two or three failures, 111 districts from 12 of 29 states in India were identified across four geographic clusters.Conclusions: The study shows social and eco-geographical clustering of multi-dimensional anthropometric failures and indicates the need for focused nutritional interventions among SC and ST community in general and ST children from the poor households. Furthermore, governance interventions that target entire regions across districts and states combined with decentralised planning are needed.

Causes of urban-economic inequality and segregation

2017 ◽  
pp. 13-32
Author(s):  
Edwin Buitelaar ◽  
Anet Weterings ◽  
Roderik Ponds
Keyword(s):  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Urban Economic

scholarly journals Socio-economic inequality in the national and global spotlight: a contemporary view on the issue

2019 ◽  
pp. 102-116
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Adamyk
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Inclusive Development ◽  
Digital Inequality ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Quality Of Life Index

The article discusses the main aspects and forms of socio-economic inequality in today’s world, such as: wealth and income inequality, gender inequality, life-level and life-quality gaps between rural and urban people and workers from various branches of the national economy, educational inequality and poverty, inequality on the labour market, wealth inequality by age, digital inequality and stratification. It is emphasized that socio-economic inequality and polarization in any economic system, both national and global ones, occur due to objective factors and have positive (stimulating) effects. Clearly, it is not proper to measure inequality only by using traditional indicators, namely, GDP per capita, Gini coefficient, Kaitz index, etc., because they do not make it possible to reveal all the forms and threats under the conditions of current political and geo-economic transformations. The integral indices have been characterized through which socio-economic gaps can be assessed for qualitative parameters, including the Social Progress Index, the Quality of Life Index, and the Inclusive Development Index as the most complete and suitable tool for identifying inequalities at the national and global levels. The author has established the fact that wealth and income inequality is an essential but not the only aspect of inequality in today’s world, and that all forms of inequality are linked by cause-and-effect relationships. The research paper provides a partial comparison and an analysis of the current state in Ukraine (by forms of inequality). It is pointed out that in recent years the issues of educational inequality and digital stratification have been among the main threats for the future socio-economic development. Overcoming the challenges will be possible through national and international poverty alleviation policies, aimed at increasing the inclusive development of the world’s economies and leveling the activities of extractive institutions.

Management of minor ailments in primary schoolchildren in rural and urban areas

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
J A Cantrill ◽  
B Johannesson ◽  
M Nicholson ◽  
P R Noyce
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Primary Schoolchildren ◽  
Minor Ailments
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