Where the Roads Met: East and West in the Silk Production Processes (17th to 19th Century)

1997 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 423
Author(s):  
Christian Daniels ◽  
Claudio Zanier
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Silk Production ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
East And West

Mithras in Regio VI, Umbria

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 85-115
Author(s):  
Giovanna Bastianelli
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Road ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
East And West ◽  
The 19Th Century

Summary The presence of Mithras in Regio VI, Umbria, is documented by materials (some inscriptions, two arae, two reliefs, two tauroctonies: one of them fragmentary, the other one almost complete) which were either fortuitously unearthed between the 18th and the 19th century without any further research following, or discovered during unsystematic excavations – in both cases, they ended up lost (or simply forgotten) among the other pieces of family collections. This is how Marquis Eroli and Count Valenti bought, respectively, a relief now kept at the Museo Archelogico in Terni and a fragmentary tauroctony, still visible today in the hall of his ancestral palace in Trevi; Count Ramelli retrieved a tauroctony and some inscriptions in Sentinum: the tauroctony was then walled in the hall of his palace in Fabriano and the inscriptions were collected in the lapidarium of the palace. Finally, Count Marignoli promoted the excavation of the Mithraeum in Spoleto, dug up by Fabio Gori and documented in drawings and watercolors by the architect Silvestri; currently that Mithraeum has been reduced to a shapeless heap of rubble and its materials are not to be found anywhere. This is definitely a distressing situation which, however, allows us to outline at least a Mithraic geography in Umbria made up of places along the Via Flaminia, east and west, where initiates to the Mithraic cult used to live, from Ocriculum to Interamna Nahars, Montoro, Spoletium, Trebiae, Carsulae and Sentinum, on the junction of the road coming from Helvillum. As for the cultores Mithrae in Regio VI, the few surviving inscriptions speak about them. There are freemen and freedmen, few slaves, some artisans, maybe some landowners or administrators of private and public estates who live and work at in-between towns and villae. They participate in the cult by covering various functions and supporting it financially: the leones in Carsulae collect money to build their leonteum; Sextus Egnatius Primitivus pays out of pocket to rebuild a spelaeum destroyed by an earthquake, while the thirty-five patroni of Sentinum contribute in different ways to the needs of their community.

scholarly journals “ALL THAT GLITTERS…:” The Scientific and Financial Ambitions of Robert Bell at the Geological Survey of Canada

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Ian A. Brookes
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
Time Service ◽  
British Colony ◽  
Part Time ◽  
East And West ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Century Development

In Canada, the 19th-century development of sciences with a geographical component was marked by individuals whose contributions were remarkable for their details, their geographical coverage, the originality and longevity of their ideas. Collectively, these individuals could be called the 'inventors of Canada.' Among them was Robert Bell. Early in his career at the Geological Survey of Canada and during an interval of part-time service while he taught at Queen’s University (1864–68), Kingston, Ontario, Robert Bell (1841–1917) involved himself in several commercial schemes that he hoped would lead to the development of mineral occurrences in the British colony of Newfoundland (various minerals), Canada East and West (petroleum), and Nova Scotia (gold), developments that he hoped would also raise his financial as well as his scientific stature. Here, the circumstances of these ventures and their outcomes and his unencumbered achievements in later life are reviewed.RÉSUMÉAu Canada, au 19e siècle, le développement des sciences comprenant un volet géographique a été marqué par des individus dont les contributions ont été remarquables par leurs détails, leur couverture géographique, leur originalité, et la longévité de leurs idées. Collectivement, ces personnes pourraient être appelées les «inventeurs du Canada». Parmi elles se trouvait Robert Bell. Tout au début de sa carrière à la Commission Géologique du Canada, et pendant son service à temps partiel alors qu’il enseignait à l’université Queen’s à Kingston, Ontario (1864–1868), Robert Bell (1841–1917) s’est impliqué personnellement dans plusieurs programmes commerciaux qu’il espérait mener au développement des richesses minérales de la colonie britannique de Terre-Neuve (divers minéraux), du Canada-Est et Canada-Ouest (pétrole), et de la Nouvelle-Ecosse (or). Il espérait que ces développements augmenteraient son statut financier ainsi que scientifique. Dans cet article, la situation de ces entreprises et leurs résultats, et ses accomplissements scientifiques indépendants, sont passés en revue.

Silk and Agrarian Changes in Lebanon, 1860–1914

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kais Firro
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Cash Crop ◽  
Silk Industry ◽  
Silk Production ◽  
Tenure System ◽  
Land Tenure System ◽  
The 19Th Century

The production of silk on Mount Lebanon dates back to the time of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian. From his reign in the 7th century until the 19th century, despite fluctuations in the production of silk, Mount Lebanon and parts of the Bekaa valley continued to produce “Syrian silk.” In the latter part of the 19th century, silk production on Mount Lebanon and elsewhere even expanded, as new areas for growing mulberry trees were added along the coast from Antioch to Sidon.Studies on silk production in Syria, such as those of Gaston Ducousso, Dominique Chevallier, Roger Owen, and Boutros Labaki, focus on the silk industry and trade, treating silk as a cash crop and analyzing its impact on the 19th-century Syrian economy, and deal only indirectly with subjects such as the land-tenure system, the peasants' dependence on the silk merchants, the decline of the landlords, and changes in the mushāc system, or collective use of land.

An Employer-Employee Relationship Perspective on Rewards, Challenges,and Systems

2009 ◽  
pp. 340-349
Author(s):  
Herwig Ostermann ◽  
Bettina Staudinger ◽  
Magdalena Thoeni ◽  
Roland Staudinger
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Labor Division ◽  
Employee Relationship ◽  
The 19Th Century

Beginning with the upsurge of the industrial revolution and the subsequent implementation of labor division practices in most production processes in the 19th century, the question of employee rewarding within the framework of industrial value added has been widely discussed. The resulting controversy of appropriate pay was first put forward on a political level, whereby the predominant liberal approaches could be characterized by the principle that labor had to be first and foremost regarded as a commodity being subject to the free market so that labor offer and demand would determine wages and salaries (Berger, 1998; Birnbaum, 2001).

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