Rich cousins, poor cousins: hidden stratification among the Omani Arabs in Eastern Africa

Africa ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colette Le Cour Grandmaison
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
The Other ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Sultanate Of Oman ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Inferior Status ◽  
Village Communities ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphAmong the Arab tribes of Oman the only acknowledged nobility is that reckoned by tribal ancestry (asl), affirmed by genealogies and oral history, and known by all. This goes not only for the Sultanate of Oman, but also for Omani tribes which have settled in East Africa. One is either a noble or a member of a group of inferior status, that is, the clients (mawâlî) who comprise the labour force in village communities. Slaves ('abid) by definition have no status. This society is thus socially divided between tribal organisations and client groups. On the other hand, within the tribe itself clans or sections appear to be equal or egalitarian, by law and in reality.

scholarly journals THE IBADHIYAH SECT: ITS HISTORY AND THOUGHTS IN POLITICS,THEOLOGY,AND FIQH

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-290
Author(s):  
Zamzami Zamzami ◽  
Erniwati Erniwati
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sultanate Of Oman ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
High Attitude

The purpose of this study is to illustrate that the thinking or concept of teachings adopted and applied Ibadhiyah, one of the sects of the Khawarij sect, is moderate. So that his teachings and followers still exist today in some Muslim countries. They have a high attitude of tolerance towards fellow Muslims of different sects and sects. On the other hand, the sects in the sphere of the other Kharijites which are extreme in thought and action are extinct, no longer have followers.  At first, the Khawarij follower’s are Ckhalif ‘Ali bin Abi Thalib group. End then, they go out from ‘Ali group, becauce they  weren’t except this reconcillied  (tahkim) in Shiffin war between Khalif Ali and Guvernor Mu’awiyah bin Abi Syufyan 37H/657 M. They were against Chalif ‘Ali and Mu’awiyah, and emigrate to a village is colled  “Harura”. In this village they were created self-government led by ‘Abdullah ibn Wahhab al-Hasibi. They were againt ‘Ali, Mu’awiyah, and some ckhalif after them. Then Khawarij Follower’s were spilit into several sects. The biggest sect’s: Muhakkimah, Azariqah, Najdah, Ajaridah, Syufriyah, and Ibadhiyah. Such of sect slip up to several sub-setc until twenty.  All sects were extinct, except Ibadhiyah.  Becauce they were smothered by legitimate Government. They have extreme thought. They carried out takfir and were a sourse of insurrection against the Goverment for centuries.  The Ibadhiyah sect were moderate in thought and action. The Ibadhiyah sect exist until now in Sultanate of Oman. It’s majority  and state sect in Oman. It spread  in Nort  Africa (Aljazair, Tunisia, and Libia) and East Africa. Follower Ibadhiyah sect there in in Yemen and Madagascar.  Keywords:  Ibadhiyah, History, Thought.

scholarly journals AN APPRAISAL OF EMPLOYEES WELFARE AND SOCIAL SECURITY MEASURES IN CENTRAL PUBLIC SECTOR ENTERPRISES

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 234-247
Author(s):  
Joyjit Sanyal ◽  
Sujit Sikidar
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
The Government

Labour plays a very important role in the industrial production of the country. The human resource managers are concerned with the management of people at work. It is necessary to secure the co-operation of labour force in order to increase the production and earn higher profits. The co-operation of labour force is possible only when they are fully satisfied with their employer and the working conditions on the job. In the past, industrialists and the employers believed that their only duty towards their employees was to pay them satisfactory wages and salaries. But in due course of time, in addition to providing monetary benefits, human treatment given to employees started to play a very important role in seeking their co-operation. Labour or employee welfare activities benefit not only the workers but also the management in the form of greater industrial efficiency. The welfare activities pay a good dividend in the long run, because they contribute a lot towards the health and efficiency of the workers and towards a high morale. On the other hand, social security has come up as a dynamic concept which is considered in all advanced countries of the world as an indispensable chapter of the national programme. Social security is that security which the society furnishes through appropriate organisation against certain risks or certain contingencies to which its members are exposed. These risks are essentially contingencies against which the individual cannot afford by his small means and by his ability or foresight alone. As the name stands for general well- being of the people it is the duty of the state to promote social security which may provide the citizens with benefits designed to prevent or cure disease, to support him when he is not able to earn and to restore him to gainful activity. The state as an employer has provided for certain measures for the welfare and social security of the labourers, who contribute towards the economic development of a country and in this regard, the government has to see towards the proper implementation of such measures to maintain a harmonious industrial relation on the one side and on the other hand towards the upliftment of the members of the society. Thus, there arise the vital needs for the detailed assessments of the measures so provided, its quality of implementation so far and the level of satisfaction of the same among the different class of employees. The present study acts as a working paper with an objective to gather the opinion of the organized workforce in the Central Public Sector Enterprises with regards to their acceptance and satisfaction level of the various ‘Employees welfare and Social Security’ measures by the employers. However, the present study is restricted to two enterprises only and is undertaken with the following objectives: To analyze the opinions of the employees in respect of the labour welfare measures & social security benefits. To analyze the level of satisfaction or otherwise of the workers in respect of social security measures.

Early Bantu Ethnography from a Philological Point of View

Africa ◽  
1930 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. v. Warmelo
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bantu Languages ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Compact Body ◽  
The One ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphFew of the secrets that Africa still holds from us to-day have, I think, such an absorbing interest as the problem of Bantu in its relation to the neighbouring families and types of speech. Taking the continent of Africa as a whole, we find on the one hand the huge, yet marvellously homogeneous and compact body of the Bantu languages, clear-cut in structure, simple and transparent in phonology, and, at the back of much apparent diversity, exceptionally uniform in vocabulary. On the other hand there are in Africa numerous other languages of various type, which differ so much amongst each other that they have not yet been brought under any but the very broadest of classifications. The essential points of these are as follows.

Marked nominative in Africa

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christa König
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Occurrence ◽  
Rare Phenomenon ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Case System ◽  
The One

Africa is a continent where grammaticalized case systems are a rare phenomenon. But there is one exception: East Africa is a region where there is a relatively high occurrence of case languages (that is, languages with a grammaticalized case system). With regard to the type of case systems which occur in Africa, again, the picture is crosslinguistically unbalanced as there are hardly any ergative languages. In other words, of the two most common case types worldwide, accusative and ergative(/absolutive), essentially only one is represented in Africa, namely the accusative type. From a worldwide perspective, Africa seems to be a continent where case has nothing special to offer. However, in East Africa there are so called marked-nominative languages which seem to be quite unique worldwide. They are somehow a mixture: On the one hand they share features with prototypical accusative languages, on the other hand they share features with prototypical ergative languages.  In the present paper I will, first, define the typical features of a marked-nominative language. Second, I will give an overview of the languages which have a marked-nominative system. Third, I will deal with the question of whether the distribution of marked-nominative languages is genetically or areally motivated. And fourth, I will speculate on how such unusual systems could have developed.

The Political Function of the Poro. (Part II.)

Africa ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Little
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Political Function ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphIn the concluding paragraphs of Part I of this article it was pointed out that in addition to its judicial functions the Poro society possessed some important powers of administration. On the other hand, there was also evidence to suggest that the society carried on this wide range of activities, amounting almost to government of the country, as an instrument of the chiefs.

Milho Zaburro and Milho Maçaroca in Guinea and in the Islands of Cabo Verde

Africa ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Teixeira da Mota ◽  
António Carreira
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
The Other ◽  
American Variety ◽  
Cabo Verde ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphIt has been claimed that Zea mays existed in Africa before the discovery of America, but the plant is more generally considered to be a native of America, which could have spread through other continents only in post-Columbian times.This latter opinion has recently been challenged by several writers. Jeffreys, for instance, has since 1953 consistently maintained that on arrival in Guinea the Portuguese found Zea mays already well established there, as the cereal they called milho zaburro, previously introduced by the Arabs, who would have visited America long before Columbus. On the other hand, V. de Magalhães Godinho, pertinently refuting many of Jeffreys's reasonings and identifications, has put forward the view that, before the Portuguese voyages of discovery, there existed in Africa a variety of Zea mays, which was subsequently replaced by the American variety; the Portuguese would have become familiar with this variety in Morocco, and it would be this plant which they called milho zaburro, or milho maçaroca. To both these authors the designations milho maçaroca and Zea mays are indisputably synonymous.

Big Houses in Kano Emirate

Africa ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polly Hill
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Economic Organization ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
The Village ◽  
Compare And Contrast

Opening ParagraphIn 1971–2 I undertook research in part of the very densely populated farming zone around Kano city (often called the Kano close-settled zone) in order to compare it with a Hausa village, Batagarawa, some 100 miles further north in Katsina Emirate, where I had lived and worked in 1967. At Batagarawa farmland is not scarce and members of the community are free to establish farms on uncultivated (bush) land, some of which is no further than a mile or so from the village. For some 30 to 40 miles or more around Kano city, on the other hand, there is little or no uncultivated bush and farmers with insufficient land are obliged to buy or to ‘borrow’ (aro) farmland from others. My purpose was to compare and contrast the socio-economic organization and economic conditions of farmers in the two localities, with special reference, in so far as this variable could be isolated, to population density.

The Letter-order of the Semitic Alphabets in Africa and the Near East

Africa ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Honeyman
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Near East ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
South West ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Arabic Script ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphThe Ethiopic syllabary employed for writing the classical Ge'ez and also, with certain modifications, the contemporary South Semitic vernaculars of East Africa, was formed by super-imposing a system of auxiliary vowel-marks upon a basic consonantal alphabet; this alphabet occurs, alongside of the syllabic script, in the Old Ethiopic inscriptions of the Axumite Kingdom in the fourth century of our era, and is a derivative of the Sabaeo-Minaean or Old South Arabic script found in the monuments of the south-west Arabian kingdoms. But although the Ethiopic syllabary is thus genetically connected with the other main branches of the Semitic alphabet, the traditional order of the signs, in which the consonantal component and the accompanying vowel are the primary and secondary determining factors respectively, does not agree with that of any Semitic alphabet hitherto known. There is no old or reliable native tradition as to the reason underlying the order of the signs; no help is to be had from numerical signs, which elsewhere, as will shortly appear, afford valuable testimony to the order of the letters; for Ethiopic borrowed Greek alphabetic signs for this purpose, while the South Arabian inscriptions used single strokes for the units, and for higher denominations the initial letters of the native words for five, ten, hundred, &c. The mnemonic word-groups reconstructed by Bauer and others are open to objection on grounds of language and sense. Other external criteria yield only tentative and inconclusive results, and the subject has accordingly remained one of speculation and controversy.

scholarly journals Minimum wages and the fate of Indonesian young workers

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Izzun Nafiah
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Minimum Wages ◽  
The Other ◽  
Logit Analysis ◽  
Young Workers ◽  
Wage Policy ◽  
Other Hand

Government policies that are directly related to the relationship between workers and companies are determining minimum wages. The effect of this minimum wage becomes more varied for developing countries with large populations such as Indonesia. Young workers have sensitive effect to fluctuation of the minimum wage policy, whereas the percentage of Indonesia young workers is more than 20 percent of the total workforce in 2015-2019. Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyze the effect of minimum wage policies on the status of young workers in Indonesia using quantitative data from the National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas) 2015-2019 with the multinomial logit analysis method. The results of this study are an increase in the minimum wage decreases the probability of young workers to have status as paid workers in the covered sector. In urban areas, an increase in the minimum wage increases the probability of young male workers being unemployed and decreases the probability being self-employed. On the other hand, an increase in the minimum wage causes female urban workers reducing the probability of being unemployed and increasing the probability of them being self-employed. Therefore, the minimum wage policy must be balanced with strengthen the education and training and also consider policies that increase youth labor market opportunities but do not increase employer costs for young workers. On the other hand, the government must be continuous to improve policies that support the progress of informal sector, for example in terms of providing capital, reducing loan interest rates, etc.

scholarly journals Gambling with the Windigo: Theorizing Indigenous Casinos and Gambling in Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-122
Author(s):  
Darrel Manitowabi
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Structural Violence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Indigenous Epistemology ◽  
Plural Form ◽  
Land Dispossession ◽  
Other Hand

The legacy of colonialism in Canada manifests through land dispossession, structural violence and assimilative policies. Casinos are an anomaly emerging in Canada, becoming major economic engines, generating capital for housing, education, health, and language and cultural rejuvenation programs. On the other hand, the literature on Indigenous casinos raises crucial questions about compromised sovereignty, addiction, and neocolonial economic and political entrapment. This article theorises Indigenous casinos as a modern expression of the windigo. In Algonquian oral history, the windigo is a mythic giant cannibal. The underlying meaning of the windigo is the consumption of Indigenous peoples leading to illness and death. One can become a windigo and consume others, and one must always be cautious of this possibility. I propose casinos and Indigenous-provincial gambling revenue agreements are modern-day windigook (plural form of windigo).  This framework provides an urgently needed new theorisation of casinos, grounded in Indigenous epistemology and ontology.

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