Social stratification on the Swahili coast: from race to class?

Africa ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Constantin
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Swahili Coast ◽  
The Social ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
The Cost

Opening ParagraphThe analysis of ‘social stratification’ (a polite way of speaking of inequality) is crucial to that of political power, though not easy, regardless of the social group investigated. At the cost of oversimplification, die-hard theoreticians minimise the problem by using ready-made typologies and causal links purporting to explain all living social structures.

Profit as Social Rent: Embeddedness and Stratification in Markets

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Muennich
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Rent Extraction ◽  
Free Competition ◽  
The Social

This article shows how research on the social structure of markets may contribute to the analysis the growing income inequality in contemporary capitalist economies. The author proposes a theoretical link between embeddedness and social stratification by discussing the role of institutions and networks in markets for the distribution of economic profits between firms. The author claims that we must understand profit and free competition as opposites, as economic theory does. In the main part of the article the author illustrates six typical mechanisms of rent extraction from networks or formal and symbolic rules that embed markets. They emerge from material as well as symbolical access to and influence on the orientation of other market actors. Social structures in markets lead to unequal chances for rent extraction, even if actors produce them for coordination rather than for accumulation purposes. This is how market sociology and theory of capitalism can be linked more closely.

THE COMPREHENSION OF THE SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND ITS FORMATION IN LEGAL RELATIONS

2019 ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Olīvija Tuvi
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Central Concept ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Insight Into

Social stratification has played an important role in legal relations since ancient times, because it involved the division of responsibilities between individuals in society. The central concept of the social stratification is a society, whose members interact with each other to ensure their existence. Ensuring the existence involves the division of functions by trying to arrange the social and legal relations, which leads to the process of social group formation and social stratification. Social stratification is also very topical today, because society, despite the equality of people defined in normative acts, is still divided according to different criteria. This work provides insight into concept and historical development of the social stratification, summarizes different ideas and problems about social stratification and its types.

scholarly journals Dampak Sosial Politik terhadap Perkembangan Ekonomi Umat Allah Zaman Perjanjian Lama

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Karel Siahaya
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Social Politics ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social

This is a study of the Old Testament about the economic development of the Old Testament Israelites which was influenced by several things such as social politics. The purpose of this discussion is to show the social, potent and even geographical influences on the economic development of the people. By using descriptive methods, the conclusion obtained from this study is, political power will have an impact on the economic development of the people in it. Likewise, with social, there is a development of social structures based on the economy. Abstrak Ini adalah sebuah kajian Perjanjian Lama tentang perkembangan ekonomi umat Israel zaman Perjanjian Lama yang dipengaruhi oleh beberapa hal seperti sosial politik. Tujuan pembahasan ini adalah untuk menunjukkan pengaruh sosial, potik, bahkan geografi terhadap perkembangna ekonomi umat. Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif, kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari kajian ini adalah, kekuasaan politik akan memberikan dampak bagi perkembangan ekonomi umat di dalamnya. Demikian juga dengan sosial, terjadi perkembangan struktur sosial berdasarkan ekonomi.

History of Feminist Approaches to Technology Studies

2011 ◽  
pp. 759-764
Author(s):  
Jennifer Brayton
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Technology Studies ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

While women have historically engaged with technological practices and processes as designers, producers, users and consumers, technology itself has been socially constructed as a masculine domain and inherent to male gender identity. As a result, women have not been recognized as technological participants, nor have they had their contributions validated. To understand this exclusion, different feminist approaches have been historically utilized to help situate the framing of technology as a masculine domain that is organized by the social structures of patriarchy, capitalism, and social stratification. Feminist approaches have been used to deconstruct the defining of technology as masculine, to illuminate the historical ways in which women have been part of technological fields, and to give evidence of the pleasure and empowerment women can feel with technology.

Sociology of social structures

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ирина Подойницына ◽  
Irina Podoynicyna
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Class Formation ◽  
Regional Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
Rich People ◽  
The Republic ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Scientific Truth

The study of social structure, social stratification of society is the main topic of sociology. Knowledge of the social structure helps sociologists to perform a creative function to transform society. In the textbook I. I. Podoinitsyna examines the evolution of the views of foreign and domestic scientists on the processes of class formation and stratogenesis, comprehensively discusses the theoretical and methodological approaches to differentiation and analysis of class groups and factors of class formation. The textbook analyzes in detail the post-perestroika socio-structural processes in the Russian Federation, new approaches to the study of social differentiation of society, which began to develop in Russia due to transparency, restructuring, openness to ideological teachings penetrating from Abroad. The profile of social stratification of modern Russia appears to us in a new perspective, as if "bifurcated": we see Russia marginalized and Russia entrepreneurs, Russia, immersed in even greater poverty than we have seen in Soviet times, and Russia new managers, rich people, entrepreneurs and innovators. Exclusive are the chapters of the textbook devoted to the analysis of the regional social structure — in this case, the Yakut society, or the society of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The transformation of the social structure of Yakutia is considered in retrospect, since the XVIII century. The author analyzes the socio-professional, socio-cultural "lattice" of the social structure of the Republic, the ways and lifestyles of the population, the "breakthrough" of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in the information society. The author of the textbook focuses on the methods by which you can study the social structure of society, including the technology of mathematical and statistical analysis. The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) acts in this textbook as a kind of model of local, regional society, which should be studied by special methods. The tutorial has tests, control questions for each Chapter. Each Chapter is also provided with a detailed summary of the findings of the material presented. The scientific book discusses the prospects for the development of sociology of social structures in postmodern conditions, the emergence of a new approach to scientific truth. A large number of empirical, factual material — the results of studies in Russia and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) - is not just illustrative material that enriches the text of the textbook, but also helps to establish a bridge between theoretical and applied methods of analysis, on the example of these studies, the author demonstrates how to interpret the primary sociological data.

scholarly journals Kin selection, not group augmentation, predicts helping in an obligate cooperatively breeding bird

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1743) ◽  
pp. 3861-3869 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Browning ◽  
S. C. Patrick ◽  
L. A. Rollins ◽  
S. C. Griffith ◽  
A. F. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Breeding ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Kin Selection ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Breeding Bird ◽  
Direct Benefits ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Large Groups

Kin selection theory has been the central model for understanding the evolution of cooperative breeding, where non-breeders help bear the cost of rearing young. Recently, the dominance of this idea has been questioned; particularly in obligate cooperative breeders where breeding without help is uncommon and seldom successful. In such systems, the direct benefits gained through augmenting current group size have been hypothesized to provide a tractable alternative (or addition) to kin selection. However, clear empirical tests of the opposing predictions are lacking. Here, we provide convincing evidence to suggest that kin selection and not group augmentation accounts for decisions of whether, where and how often to help in an obligate cooperative breeder, the chestnut-crowned babbler ( Pomatostomus ruficeps ). We found no evidence that group members base helping decisions on the size of breeding units available in their social group, despite both correlational and experimental data showing substantial variation in the degree to which helpers affect productivity in units of different size. By contrast, 98 per cent of group members with kin present helped, 100 per cent directed their care towards the most related brood in the social group, and those rearing half/full-sibs helped approximately three times harder than those rearing less/non-related broods. We conclude that kin selection plays a central role in the maintenance of cooperative breeding in this species, despite the apparent importance of living in large groups.

scholarly journals Social Structure and Aristocratic Representation—Red Wax Seal Usage in Hungary in the 15th c

Genealogy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Ádám Novák ◽  
Balázs Bacsa
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
National Assembly ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Rapid Destruction

One might perceive the Middle Ages as an era of certain rights and privileges. Social stratification or the conformation of a group’s identity were all established around privileges in the Kingdom of Hungary. In the medieval period, as opposed to a modern state, the most important constructors of a group’s identity were privileges. When members of a social group bear identical prerogatives, that group can be recognized as an order or estate. The ecclesiastic order existed side-by-side with the noble estate. In possession of political power were strictly those who were at the top of the strongly hierarchical system. However, in the Kingdom of Hungary, the significance of the ecclesiastical order was dwarfed by the importance of landed nobility. Some five percent of the population was of nobles, who also held political power. Until the end of the 15th century, the members of this stratum were equal in law. Only distinctions in financial situation can be noticed during the 14th and 15th centuries. The first law differentiating the rights within nobility was enacted by the national assembly, the diet of Wladislaus II (1490–1516), in 1498. Only from then on can we speak of gentry and aristocracy. This almost two-century-long process can be observed by examining a representational tool, the usage of red wax in seals. Upon studying medieval Hungarian history, we must use all sources available due to their rapid destruction, hence examining seal usage to explain aristocratic representation. In this paper, we briefly summarize the social structure of medieval Hungary and its traditions in seal usage, and present several unique seals. Our goal is to highlight some connections that historiography would benefit from, to provide new data, and to arouse the interest of a broad spectrum of audiences in Hungarian social history.

Religious Affiliation in Freetown, Sierra Leone

Africa ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur T. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Cultural Transformation ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
The Social ◽  
Historical Viewpoint ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
Nova Scotian

Opening ParagraphAn attempt will be made in this paper to examine religious affiliation in Freetown (the capital town of Sierra Leone) at the formation of the Colony, and its later developments, from an historical viewpoint, with a view to assessing its contribution to the social evolution of the community. Freetown is rich in missionary records and journals and these, though they deal mainly with the evangelistic aspect of church activity, provide sufficient data to justify some tentative generalizations on the relationship between religious affiliation and the social stratification and growth of the community.Freetown is an assembly of African peoples of different ethnic origins who became integrated into a community around norms and patterns of behaviour which were not African but western. The main agents in this cultural transformation were the Negro Nova Scotian and Maroon settlers. But the transformation was aided by the patronage and favour which the settlers received from the European administration, and, more important, by the missionary and evangelical activities of the Protestant churches. The Christian religion in Freetown was thus from the outset a positive, cohesive influence rather than a disintegrating force as it has been in some other parts of Africa.

scholarly journals Reflections on Neurofeminism and Intersectionality Using Insights From Psychology

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Duchesne ◽  
Anelis Kaiser Trujillo
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Research Themes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Psychological Processing ◽  
Group Memberships

Intersectionality contends that sex/gender is constituted of and with other social categories, and that the social structures giving rise to inequality should be addressed in research. This is a powerful and important perspective from which to investigate the processes and consequences of social group memberships, one which has been overlooked by most neuroscientific research. In particular, neurofeminism, a field of critical neuroscience that challenges neuroscientific assumptions, methods and interpretations of data that reinforce sexism, has ignored intersectionality to date. In contrast, research in the field of psychology has been engaging with intersectionality for more than a decade. In reflecting on how intersectionality has advanced feminist research in psychology, this paper provides a critical analysis of potential novel research avenues for neurofeminism. We identify three main research themes guided by intersectionality. The first theme involves research centered on understanding the socio-structural causes of health inequalities experienced by individuals with intersecting marginalized social identities; the second concerns research addressing the psychological processing of social group memberships that underlies the enactment of systemic discriminatory practices; and the third theme comprises intersectionality research that aims to challenge psychological epistemology. Drawing parallels between the fields of psychology and neuroscience, we explore the potential benefits and risks of advancing an intersectionality-informed neurofeminism.

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